199 



ROSE-EXGINE TURXING. 



ROSOLIC ACID. 



190 



Summer and autumnal roses are propagated by layers, cuttings, 

 budding, and grafting. These operations are the same for the rose aa 

 for many other plants, and the budding is performed with even more 

 facility than with many other plants, as the bark opens and closes 

 firmly. Strong plants are also raised by budding on the roots, which 

 are divided from the parent stem, and by this practice a year is gained 

 fur bushes flowering on their own roots. 



The usual stock for grafting on is the common briar ; but almost any 

 rose of a hardy nature will afford stocks for a more valued variety, 

 where the stocks are not required of a great height for standards, and 

 : the most favoured is the Minetti, a variety introduced from 

 Italy, which has the advantage of not throwing up suckers. Of other 

 roses, from which stocks are wished for, the suckers may be allowed to 

 spring. The forcing of roses for early show or for the greenhouse 

 depends on the same principles as other plants a somewhat earlier 

 budding, protection from cold, and moderate heat applied in the early 

 spring. 



The varieties are now almost endless, and every season produces 

 new ones. All the chief families are mentioned under ROSA, in the 

 XAT. Hi-r. l)iv., and a list of the principal varieties will be found in 

 - ' Roee Amateur's Guide,' last edition. 



i:<K KNiilNK TrKXIXG. [T. K.MSG.] 



KI >sKi i i -nili >.MK. [CHROMIUM.] 



-F.n-ruiiALTIX. [COBALT. Ammmiacal CumpuutuU of Cobalt.} 



K< 'SKTTA s'J'DXK the name given to a stone in the British 



Museum, which was originally found by the French in 1799 among the 



K"rt St. Julien, which is near the Rosette mouth of the Nile. It 



was delivered up to the British on the capitulation of Alexandria, and 



was brought to England in the year 1802. This stone, which is a piece 



of black basalt, contains port* of three distinct inscriptions : the 



highest on the stone u in what we generally call hieroglyphic ; the 



Mcond U in that character commonly called the " enchorial," or " the 



characters of the country ; " and the third, which U in Greek, declares, 



at the end, that the decree which this atone contains was cut in three 



different characters, the " sacred characters," " those of the country " 



or the " enchorial," and the " Greek." In its present state the stone 



is much mutilated, chiefly at the top and at the right side. Its 



greatest length, in its present condition, is about three feet, measured 



on tin- flat surface which contain* the writing; its breadth, which in 



re, is about two feet five inches. A large part of the 



yphir MI- ription U broken off, but it probably contained in its 



state about twenty or at the utmost twenty-one lines ; the 



""J"'*"! or second inscription consists of thirty-two lines, but the 



beginning of the Srst fifteen lines are wanting, and the Greek text 



contained, when entire, fifty-four lines, but the end of it is at present 



mutilated. \\ . ! ,rn : .-vk text that the Rosetta stone was 



1 in the r- \ ., Kpiphanes, and probably about 



i : iphanes succeeded to the throne on the death of his 



r'l. :!;. i lien he was a rliilil only four or five years 



i.M. In thU monument the acts done during the prince's minority 



are attributed to him, and he i* commended for his piety, his liberality 



to the temples, his rranisnon of the arrears of taxes and diminution 



of the imposts, his victories over the rebels, and his protection of the 



lands by dams agiimt the inundations of the Nile. 



It appears to bar* been planer! in a temple, dedicated by Xecho to 

 the god Tciini, the ntting sun. The lioeetta stone was the key to the 

 interpretation to the hieroglyphs, the first attempts of De 8acy to 

 decipher the demotic or enchorial having been followed by the more 

 Huccessful results of Young and Chainpollion, in deciphering the hiero- 

 glyphic text. Lately a critical translation of the hieroglyphical portion 

 has been made by H. Brugsch. 



A critical examination and restoration* of the Greek text have been 

 made by Ameilhon, lleyne, Villoiiton. l>min;\nn. l'"n*in,and Letronne. 

 The enchorial text has been also published and translated by Voting 

 and Brugsch. As the inxcriptions are paraphrases and not literal 

 lisnaisliom, and the hiemglyphical portion is much mutilated, it does 

 not add a great deal to the hieroglyph ical vocabulary. [ H i mo. . i. 

 (Brugsch, H., ' Die Inschrift von Rosette,' fo. Kerlin, 1850 ; ' Inscriptio 

 I;..-. .u ...' ito, !; rlin, IM1 j L*btm ' ' riptfon On di 



In- name of a secret society whose existence 



became first knnwn to the public in the 17th century, by means of 

 several publications which have been attributed to John V.ilentine 

 Andrea?, a German sehol.ir. l*.rn at Herrenberg, in the diu-hy of \Y :N 



rtf, in 1 ">*'>. who, after studying at Tubingen, became a inini-ter 

 of the Lutheran church, and in course of time was made aln 



,k>- .1 \Viirtemberg and abbot of Adelberg. Andrew died in 

 1654. He was a man of a mystical tun who had e- 



the idea of effecting a general refonn of mankind. He wrote many 

 work*, chiefly on mystic subjects. It is doubtful, however, whether 

 thow particular works which would establish his connection with the 

 Rosicrucian Society are really hut. The following are the title of 

 three of his works: 1. ' Kleueiilarius Major, uber die Reformation 

 der ganzen weiten Welt, K. C. R. aus ihren chymixchen Hochzeit,' 



in which then is a mixture of precepts of alchemy v. ith maxims 

 of ethics. 2. 'Kama Fraternitatis de* loblichen i ),-,!. ns des Rosen- 

 kreuzes,' Frankfort, 1017, in which there is a story of a certain 

 Christian Boacnkreuz, a German noble of the 14th century, who, after 



travelling long in the East, returned to Germany, and there established 

 a fraternity, or secret society, of a few adepts, under certain regu- 

 lations, living together in a building which he raised under the name 

 of Sancti Spiritus, where he died, at 106 years of age. The place of 

 his burial was kept a profound secret by the adepts, and the society 

 renewed itself by the admission of successive new members in silence 

 and obscurity, according to the last injunction of its founder, who 

 directed the following inscription to be placed on a door of Sancti 

 Spiritus : " Post CXX. annos patebo." 3. ' Confessio Fraternitatis 

 Rosese Crucis ad Erudites Europae,' which is appended to the pre- 

 ceding, and in which it is stated that the order does not interfere with 

 the religion or polity of states, but only seeks for the true philosophy ; 

 that many absurd fables have been told of the fraternity, either by its 

 enemies or by fantastic people. It states also that once a year the 

 members are to meet at appointed places to converse together upon 

 secret matters, and that new members are to be admitted to supply 

 the place of those who are deceased, and to work for the common pur- 

 pose of the order, giving no clue however for discovering what that 

 purpose was. In fact the secret, if secret there was, has been effectually 

 kept to the present day. The Rosicrucians have not been heard of as 

 a separate order for a century past ; but some have thought that 

 they continued to exist under the name of the Illuminati, who were 

 much talked of in Germany and France in the latter part of the 18th 

 century ; and a connection has been supposed by some writers to exist 

 Utu.i-n the Rosicrucians and the Templars and Freemasons. The 

 reader who wishes to investigate this obscure subject may consult 

 F. Nicolai, 'On the Crimes ascribed to the Templars;' Chr. Murr, 

 'On the True Origin of the Rosicrucians,' 1803; and J. G. Buhle, 

 ' Ueber den Ursprung und die vornehuisten Schicksale der Orden der 

 Kosenkreuzer und Kreymaurer,' Gbttingen, 1804. 



RUSIX. [UK.-' 



UOSMAHIXCS (>KFICIXA'LIS,!/tocmary, a term which ia apt 

 to lead to the confounding of Rosemary with the Ledum palustre or 

 wild marsh-rosemary, which has very different and even dangerous 

 properties. Genuine rosemary is a shrub, a native of the south of 

 Europe, Asia Minor, and China. To the bees feeding on the flowers, 

 the flavour of Xarbonne honey is said to be owing. The officinal 

 part is the top or upper part of the twigs. The flowers were term, d 

 Anlkm, being so highly esteemed, as if it were the flower of flowers. 

 This name it is necessary to know, as many of the earlier prepa- 

 rations come under it, rather than under roamarinns. The leaves are 

 about an inch long, linear, slightly revolute at the margins, dark 

 green and reticulate on the upper surface, hoary and white on the 

 under. The leaves and calyces of the flowers have a strong, pene- 

 trating, aromatic odour, which is rendered stronger by bruising them ; 

 and a bitter, burning, camphor-like taste. They owe this to the pro- 

 i tannic acid, bitter matter, perhaps resin, and especially to a 

 volatile oil, of which one drachm may, by distillation, be obtained from 

 ml of the leaves. 



Oil of rosemary (Oleum Rorismarini, or 01. Anthos) is chiefly pre- 

 pared in Spain and the south of France, by distillation of the leaves 

 and flowers. At first it is nearly transparent and very limpid, but by 

 time it becomes both yellowish and thicker. It possesses the strong 

 penetrating odour of rosemary, with a camphor-like intermixture, and 

 a burning taste. It has an acid re-action. The specific gravity varies 

 with tlie purity and age of the specimen; it is commonly o",il, but by 

 rectification with alcohol it is brought to 0'8H or 0-85. It mixes with 

 alcohol of -83 in every proportion. By shaking with ]>otasg, or by the 

 evaporation and absorption of oxygen which time effects, it deposits 

 a stearopten, or rosemary-camphor, to the extent of a tenth part. 

 Hydrochloric acid gas blackens it, but does not form an artificial 

 camphor. With iodine it partially explodes. 



The oil of rosemary of commerce is an artificial preparation of oil 

 of turpentine distilled with rosemary ; it is also adulterated with spike 

 oil, obtained from the Lavniidula Spico. This may always he dis- 

 tinguished from the genuine l>y not reddening litimis-|>aper. 



Rosemary possesses valuable stimulant and carminative properties; 

 but it is chiefly employed as a perfume, entering into the composition 

 of the Queen of Hungary's Water, Eau de Cologne, and aromatic 

 vinegar. Properly diluted it forms a useful evaporating lotion. It 

 is also used in preparations for promoting the growth of hair and 

 nting lialdness. 



BOBOUC ACID was discovered by Hunge in 1834, and w.is 

 so called from the rosy-red colour of its salts. It is formed occasionally 

 in gas works when < 'AKBOI.IC ACID is exposed to the air in contact with 



Kosolic acid may be artificially prepared by heating tog. 

 mixture of manganate of soda and crude carbolic acid. On decom- 

 posing the dark red rosolate of soda by hydrochloric acid, the rosolie 

 precipitated in resinous flakes which unite to an amorphous 

 mass. 



Pure rosolic acid is a dark green lustrous resin. Its powder in of a 

 bright red colour, soluble in ether, alcohol, creasote, the alkalies, and 

 in concentrated acids. Its acid characters are very feeble, and its 

 compounds unstable. Were it less fugitive it would be valuable as a 

 dyeing agent. 



Rosolic acid has lately been examined by Hugo Miiller and by 

 Angus Smith, with the following results in regard to per-centagu 

 composition : 



