200 



RUBERYTHRIC ACID. 



RULE, RULER. 



210 



criticism, there seems to be no doubt in the minds of many writers 

 that the disease is very frequent, and that it is confounded with its 

 two parent diseases. The following definition of this disease is given 

 by Dr. Aitken, in his ' Science and Practice of Medicine.' " A specific 

 eruptive disease preceded by and accompanied with fever, watery dis- 

 charges from the eyes and nose, sneezing, and sore throat. The erup- 

 tion appears on the third or fourth day, and consists of crimson 

 stigmata, rapidly running together into patches of an irregular shape, 

 with obtuse angles, and of sizes varying from a threepenny to a crown 

 piece, according to the severity of the case. The eruption continues 

 from six to ten days, and terminates in desquamation by furfuraceous 

 scales." 



The distinction between this disease and scarlet fever and measles 

 has been pointed out by Dr. Paterson of Edinburgh, and by Dr. Heiin 

 of Berlin. The premonitory fever is longer than in scarlet fever, and 

 about the same time as measles ; scarlet fever appearing on the second 

 day, rubeola and morbilli on the third or fourth. The rash ia more 

 easily confounded with scarlatina than morbilli. It seldom however 

 is of a uniform red as in the first, and the spots are larger than in 

 measles. The eruption in scarlatina and measles remains but three 

 days, whilst in rubeola it remains from five to ten days. The sore 

 throat is a marked symptom of rubeola in its mildest forms, whilst 

 this symptom is very slight in mild cases of scarlatina, and altogether 

 absent in measles. Dropsy is a frequent attendant on scarlatina, but 

 very rare in rubeola, whilst affections of the lungs are common in 

 measles but not in rubeola. 



Like scarlet fever it is sometimes a rapidly fatal disorder. The 

 treatment of this disease must be similar to that of scarlet fever. In 

 mild cases little needs to be done. [SCARLATINA ; MEASLES.] 

 RUBERYTHUIC ACID. [MADDER, COLOURING MATTERS OF.] 

 RUBIACIC ACID. [MADDER, COLOURING MATTERS OK.] 

 RUB1ACIN. [MADDER, COLOURING MATTERS OF.] 

 I : I ~ 1! I ADI PIN. A resinous substance contained in madder root. 

 RUBIAFIX. [MADDER, COLOURING MATTERS OF.] 

 RUBIAX. [MADDER, COLOURING MATTERS OF.] 

 IM.T.IAXIX. [MADDER, COLOURING MATTERS OF.] 

 RtTBICHLORIC ACID. [MADDER, COLOURING MATTERS OF.] 



Arm. [INDIGO.] 

 A' ID. [TANNIC ACIDS.] 



RUBIRETIX. [MADDER, COLOURING MATTERS OF.] 



RUBITANNIC ACID. [TANNIC ACIDS.] 



RUBLE. [Moirer.] 



l.'l liHIC (from the Latin ruber, red), a name given to the titles of 

 chapters in certain ancient law-books ; and more especially to the rules 

 and directions laid down in our Liturgy for regulating the order of the 

 service. These, in both instances, were formerly written or printed, as 

 the case might be, for distinction's Bake, in red characters, and have 

 retained the name though now printed in black. 



RUDDER. [SHIP.] 



RUDOLPHIXK TABLES. [KEPLER, in Bioo. Div.] 



RUE (Hula yrareoleni), a plant, native of the south of Europe, 

 intermediate between a herb and a shrub, of a peculiar' yellowish- 

 green colour. Every part of it is marked by transparent dots, filled 

 with volatile oil. The leaves and immature fruits are officinal, and 

 owe their virtue to the volatile oil and a bitter extractive. The odour 

 is peculiar, strong, and ]>enetrating; the taste intensely bitter, aromatic, 

 and stimulating. One hundred parts of the fresh herb dry into 

 twenty-two parts. The quantity of oil obtained by distillation with 

 water varies much according to the period of growth when it is col- 

 lected. Thirty pounds of the fresh herb before flowering scarcely 

 yii-M one drachm, while twelve pounds with the fruits almost ripe 

 yield nearly one ounce. Rue possesses powerful, stimulant, anti- 

 spasmodic, and tonic properties. The carelets handling of the fresh 

 plant sometimes causes rubefaction and vesication, and its improper 

 employment internally has produced serious results. \Vhc-n jinli- 

 ciously used, it is very serviceable in hysteria and other convulsive 

 disorders ; but its incautious administration by nurses to infants should 

 be guarded against. 



Oil of rue obtained from the fresh herb is green, from the dried 

 herb yellow. It has the peculiar odour of rue, and a bitterish, acrid, 

 cardamum-like taste. Its specific gravity is 0-91 1. It does not redden 

 litmus-paper. The oil met with in commerce is rarely genuine, being 

 an artificial compound of oil of turpentine with petroleum and oil 

 of rue. 



The pollen of the flowers produces inflammation of the skin, and any 

 of it received into the eyes causes violent lachrymation and other painful 

 effects. 



Rue is frequently cultivated as an ornamental plant, for which its 

 curiously cut leaves, their glaucous hue, and the profusion of fine dark 

 yellow flowers appearing for several months in succession, adapt it 

 exceedingly well. It may be increased by seeds, slips, or cuttings. 

 The seed should be sown in March, and when the young plants are 

 two or three inches high they should be put out in nursery rows ; but 

 propagating by slips or cuttings is best, especially for continuing 

 varieties, of which there are three or four. 



RI:FK;.U.I.IC ACID. [GALLIC ACID.] 



RUFIN. [I'HLonuiN.] 



KUFIMORIC ACID. [TAHinc ACIDB.] 



ARTS ASD SCI. DIV. VOL. VII. 



ULE OF THREE. [THREE, ROLE OF.] 



RULE (in Law) is an order of one of the three superior courts of 

 Common Law. Rules are either general or particular. 



General rules are such orders relating to matters of practice as are 

 laid down and promulgated by the court for the general guidance of 

 the suitors ; the power of issuing rules for regulating its practice being 

 considered incident to the jurisdiction of the court. By recent acts 

 of Parliament, the judges are authorised to make rules of a more com- 

 prehensive nature, relating as well to pleading as to practice. Formerly 

 each court issued its own general rules, without much consideration as 

 to what was the practice in other courts. Of late the object has been 

 to assimilate the practice in all the courts of common law. 



Rules not general are such as are confined to the particular case in 

 reference to which they have been granted. Of these, some, which 

 are said to be " of course," are drawn up by the proper officers on the 

 authority of the mere signature of counsel, without any formal appli- 

 cation to the court ; or in some instances- -as upon a judge's fiat or 

 allowance by the master, &c. without any signature by counsel ; 

 others require to be handed in as well as signed by counsel. Rules 

 which are not of course are grantable on the application, or, as it is 

 technically termed, "the motion," either of the party actually interested 

 or of his counsel. Where the grounds of the motion are required to 

 be particularised, the facts necessary to support it must be stated in an 

 affidavit by competent witnesses. After the motion is heard, the court 

 either grants or refuses the rule. A rule, when granted, may, according 

 to the circumstances, be either "to show cause," or it may be "absolute 

 in the first instance." The term " rule to show cause," also called a 

 " rule nisi," means that unless the party against whom it has been 

 obtained shows sufficient cause to the contrary, the rule, which is yet 

 conditional, will become absolute. After a rule nisi has been obtained, 

 it is drawn up in form by the proper officer, and served by the party 

 obtaining it upon the party against whom it has been obtained, and 

 notice is given him to appear in court on a certain day and show cause 

 against it He may do this either by showing that the facts already 

 disclosed do not justify the granting of the application, or he may con- 

 tradict those facts by further affidavits. The counsel who obtained 

 the rule is then heard in reply. If the court think proper to grant the 

 application, or if no one appears to oppose it, the rule is said to be 

 made " absolute." If they refuse the application, the rule is said to 

 be " discharged." 



Rules may be moved for either in reference to any matter already 

 pending before the court, as for a change of venue in an action already 

 commenced, or for a new trial, &c. ; or in respect of matters not 

 pending before the court, as for a criminal information, a mandamus, 

 Ac. 



A copy of a rule obtained from the proper officer is legal proof of 

 the existence of such a rule. 



lll'LE, RULEK. In a mechanical sense these words are both used 

 for a straight piece of wood, brass, or ivory, from which a straight 

 line is drawn on paper by guiding a pen or pencil along the edge. 

 These rules or rulers are convenient for the laying down of scales, on 

 which point see SCALE ; SECTOR ; SLIDINO-RULE. 



The word rule, in its more common sense, means a set of directions 

 for the attainment of any required object, and various rules will be 

 found in this work, scattered under many heads. The word rule is 

 generally dropped ; thus we do not speak of the rule of addition, or 

 the rule of subtraction, but simply of addition or subtraction. In 

 some isolated cases the word rule is most usually retained, as in the 

 rule of three [THREE, RULE OF] and the rule of false. [FALSE 

 POSITION.] 



A rule differs from an algebraical formula only in the language 

 employed ; both the former and the latter indicate processes to the 

 mind. The rule describes its data at length, and requires many more 

 signs than the formula, which however is much more intelligible than 

 the rule, so soon as its symbols are well understood. For example, 

 when it is known that a, b, c are the units in the sides of a right- 

 angled triangle, the formula for determining c is 



the rule is To find the hypothenuse of a right-angled triangle, 

 multiply the number of units in each side by itself, add the products, 

 and extract the square root of the sum : this square root is the number 

 of units in the hypothenuse required. It might perhaps be thought 

 that the preceding rule might have been expressed more briefly, but 

 the practice of abbreviating the language of rules is almost sure to 

 destroy the sort of advantage which, in one point of view, they possess 

 over a formula. A rule should embody a description of the object 

 to be gained, and the process by which it is to be gained ; it should 

 also point out the step at which it is gained, and everything necessary 

 to describe the result. It should even specify the case in which the 

 rule is to be used, or that in which it becomes necessary rather than 

 any other; and should be so complete in itself, that any reader of 

 that class to whom the book is addressed might learn all it teaches 

 (that is, everything but the demonstration) by reading only what conies 

 between the word RULE and the full stop at the end of it. Thus, 

 though we have described the preceding rule in words which some 

 persons may think too many, we should say that they are not too many 

 for the student who is somewhat of a mathematician, and too few for 



p 



