219 



SABELLIANS. 



SACER MORBUS. 



230 



acknowledge that God who in the beginning made the heavens and the 

 earth : and by keeping our Sabbath on the first day of the week, we 

 protest against Judaism, and acknowledge that God who, having made 

 the world, sent his only begotten Son to redeem mankind." 



In ita very nature the Sabbath appears to be intended for the whole 

 human race. As a religious institution, designed to keep in remem- 

 brance the God who created the world, it belongs equally to all men, 

 since all are the creatures of the same God, and all are prone to forget 

 every religious truth which is not continually and regularly forced 

 upon their attention. As a day of reel, if needed at all (and it is 

 generally granted that such rest is necessary), it is needed by every 

 one who wears the human body. Its appointment is coeval with the 

 creation of man, and long before the giving of the Jewish law. These 

 facto seem to prove that it was intended to be perpetual, which 

 appears also to be indicated by those words of Christ (Mark ii. 27), 

 " The Sabbath was made for man," that is, not for the Jews merely, 

 but for the benefit of the whole human race. 



The Sabbath is used in the New Testament as a type of the eternal 

 rest of heaven : " There remaineth a rest (or Sabbath-keeping, 

 iraJ3/3aTurp&i) to the people of God." (Heb. ir. 9.) Some understand 

 this passage of the Christian Sabbath. 



(Mjchaelis, On the Lam of Motet, arts 194, 196 ; Lightfoot's Warit, 

 Bee the hdt x ; Horsley's Sermont, 21, 23 ; Wardlaw, On the Sabbath ; 

 Mess* ; Lecture Sunday : iti Ori/fin, ]Jistorii, and promt 



Obligation* ; Winer's BiUiteha ReabcGrtertmch, art. ' Sabbath.') 



SAl'.KI.I.l A \S, an heretical Christian sect, which arose about the 

 middle of the 3rd century. They were the followers of Sabellius, an 

 African bishop or presbyter, who resided in the Pentapolis of Cyre- 

 naica. They held that there was only one person in the Godhead, 

 namely, the Father; that Christ was a mere man, but that there 

 raided in him a certain energy proceeding from God, or a portion of 

 the divine nature ; and they likewise deemed the Holy Spirit merely a 

 divine energy, or an emanation proceeding from God. They illustrated 

 i<>ct tines by comparing God to the sun, the Word to its illumi- 

 nating power, and the Holy Ghost to ita warming energy. They were 

 successfully opposed by Dionysius of Alexandria, but continued for a 

 long time to be an important sect. (Lardner'a Credibility and llutory 

 ''/' //frttie* ; Neander's Kirchewje K/rickte ; Moiheim's Ixdeitiaitical 



'HUT (Saquebute.'FT.) the name formerly given in England to 

 the TROMBONK, which see. 



' ' 1 1 A HIC ACID (^HO.C.jH.O,,). When sugar is gently heated 

 with nitric acid of specific gravity i'25, and the liquid subsequently 

 boiled and evaporated, a colourless, deliquescent, sticky mass is obtained, 

 to which the name of saccharic acid has been given. It is only slightly 

 soluble in ether, but very soluble in alcohol or water ; ha* a disagreeable 

 acid taste, and has not yet been obtained in a crystalline condition. 



Saccharic acid is isomeric with mucic acid. Like the latter acid, it 



is bibasic, forming, with bases, salts that are mostly crystalline. The 



neutral MrckaraU of putiuh contains (2KO,C 1 ,H,U 1| ) ; the acid salt 



having the composition (KO,HO,C 11 H,0 U ), and occurring in acicular 



rismatic crystals. 



CHAJUJtETBY. A generic term for certain operations under- 

 taken with the view of ascertaining the quantity of sugar present in 

 any matter that may contain it. 



Saccharimctry is frequently performed upon solutions which are 

 known to contain cane (ordinary) sugar only, the object being merely 

 to ascertain the amount present. In such a cane it is only necessary 

 to take the specific gravity of the liquid by a hydrometer, and then 

 refer to a previously prepared table of densities and per-centages. If 

 Baumc"s hydrometer be used, the degrees of specific gravity marked 

 on its stem indicate the following centesimal proportions of sugar : 



1* Baumo corresponds to sp. gr. 1-007 ; 10* to sp. gr. 1-070 : 20 to 

 1-152; 30* to 1-245; 35" to 1-299.'; &c. 



If a liquid contain other substances besides cane-sugar, the test of 

 specific gravity is of no value. In such a case advantage may be taken 

 of the fact that yrup causes right-handed twisting in a ray of plane 

 polarized light, to an extent exactly proportionate to tho amount of 

 sugar in solution. The saccharine fluid is placed in a long tube having 

 opaque sides and transparent ends ; and a ray of homogeneous light, 

 polarized by reflection from a Mack glass mirror [POLARIZATION or 

 . is sent through the liquid and optically examined by a plate of 

 tourmaiine, Ni.ol's prism, or uther polarizing eye-piece. Attached to 



the eye-piece is a short arm which traverses a circle divided into 

 degrees. The eye-piece and arm are previously so adjusted that when 

 the ray is no longer visible the arm points to the zero of the scale of 

 degrees. The sacchariue solution, however, so twists the ray as to 

 again render it visible ; and the number of degrees which the eye- 

 piece has to be rotated before the ray is once more invisible is exactly 

 proportionate to the strength of the solution. The value of the 

 degrees having been ascertained by direct experiment and the results 

 tabulated, a reference to the table at once indicates the per-centage of 

 sugar in the liquid under examination. Grape-sugar also possesses the 

 property of dextro-rotation, but less powerfully than cane-sugar; 

 moreover the former variety does not, like cane-sugar, suffer inversion 

 of the direction of rotation on the addition of hydrochloric acid to its 

 solution : an operation that furnishes data for ascertaining the amounts 

 of cane and of grape-sugar, or of crystallisable and non-crystallisable 

 sugar, present in a mixture. In using the polariscopo-saccharometer, 

 it is convenient to use tubes of uniform size, and always to operate at 

 the same temperature. 



Cane-sugar is readily converted into grape-sugar by boiling for two 

 or three hours with dilute solution of sulphuric acid, and the grape- 

 sugar may then be estimated by the depth of colour which results on 

 boiling it with solutions of caustic soda or potash ; comparison being 

 made with standard coloured solutions prepared from known quantities 

 of grape-sugar. The quantity of grape-sugar, and indirectly of cane- 

 sugar, may also be determined by the amount of its solution which is 

 required to be added to a given volume of a standard alkaline solu- 

 tion of tartrate of copper and potash, before complete precipitation of 

 the copper (as suboxide, Cu,O) is effected. The standard solution 

 referred to is known as Fehling's, and is thus prepared : 1 ounce of 

 crystallised sulphate of copper, 3 ounces of bitartate of potash, 

 14 ounces of pure carbonate of potash, and 14 or 16 ounces of a solu- 

 tion of caustic soda of sp. gr. 1'12 are mixed together, and water added 

 until the whole measures 15,160 grains : 200 measures of this solution 

 contain an amount of copper that is perfectly precipitated by one 

 grain of grape-sugar (C,,H 1 ,0 J ,). In using Fehling's solution, a tem- 

 perature approaching the boiling point should be maintained, and the 

 saccharine liquid should be slowly added from a graduated burette. 

 By either of the above processes the separate amounts of cane and of 

 grape-sugar in a mixture of the two may be ascertained by two 

 operations; one performed before boiling with dilute acid aud the 

 other after : the quantity first indicated will be the grape-sugar, and 

 that, being subtracted from the numbers obtained in the second experi- 

 ment, gives the proportion of cane-sugar. One-eighteenth of the latter 

 number must, however, be deducted; the equivalent of grape-sugar 

 being higher by that amount than cane-sugar. 



SACCHAROMETER, an instrument used principally in the opera- 

 tions of brewing, and making sugar. It serves to indicate the density 

 of the liquid extracted from malt, or the degrees to which the j uice 

 expressed from the sugar-cane is concentrated previously to under- 

 going the process of crystallization. An instrument of the like kind, 

 called a lactometer, is employed to exhibit the density of milk. Both 

 of them are formed on the same principle as the hydrometer [HYDIIO- 

 MLTKH], and such instruments are sometimes comprehended under the 

 word aravmeter, or grarinuter. Their general use is to determine, 

 when extreme accuracy is not required, the specific gravities of liquids 

 which are of greater density than water, and even those of solid bodies 

 in small quantities. [Si'ECiric GRAVITY.] 



SACCHULMIN, the brown substance produced by the action of 

 sulphuric acid upon sugar. 



SACER MORBUS ('I/xk N<f<7o), a term applied apparently by the 

 ancients to more than one disease, as Athenajus (' Deipuosoph.,' lib. vii. 

 33, p. 289) speaks of ris It/As nuAou/icWr v6aous, and Heraclitus is 

 said by Diogenes Laertius (' De Vit. Philosoph.,' lib. ix., cap. i., 6 

 and 7) to have called Arrogance by that name : TIJV re olriau/ 'upon 

 riaov t\tyt. Generally however it is merely used as one of the nume- 

 rous names of epilepsy [EPILEPSY], and this is the explanation given 

 by Hesychius and Suidas in voe. It is first used by the author of the 

 treatise \\tpl 'Itfnjt Nitov, ' De Morbo Sacro,' which is'published among 

 the works of Hippocrates (torn, i., p. 587, ed. Kuhn), though it was 

 probably written by one of his successors in the Dogmatic school. (See 

 Gruner, ' Ccnsura Libr. Hippocr.,' Vratislav., 1772, 8vo., 44, p. 162 ; 

 and Ackermaun, ' Hist. Liter. Hippocr., ap. Fabricii Biblioth. Gr.,' ed. 

 Harles, and Kiihn's ' Hippocr.,' torn, i.) The term is also found in 

 AretKus('DeCaus. etSign. Diuturn. Morb.,'lib. l.,cap.4). Theophanes 

 Nonnus (' Epit. de Curat. Morb.,' cap. 36), Artemidorus (' Oneirocrit.,' 

 lib. ii., cap. 12, where see Reiff's note 35), and others. The meaning 

 of the term is obscure and uncertain, and several derivations of it are 

 mentioned by Aretecus (loco cit.) : " There is," says he, in Dr. Rey- 

 nolds's translation, " a sort of ignominy too in the character of epilepsy, 

 for it seems to attack those who offend the moon, and hence the 

 disease is termed ' sacred ; ' or it may be from other reasons, either 

 from its magnitude (for what is great is ' sacred '), or from the cure 

 not being in the power of man but of Uod, or from the notion that a 

 demon has entered the patient, or from all put together, that it has 

 been so called." The author of a treatise ' De Morbo Sacro,' seems to 

 have considered the origin of the term to have arisen from the belief 

 either that this disease proceeds more immediately from the anger of 

 the gods, or that it ia more wonderful thau othci'o, or that its cure 



