SATIS A I'. 



SATURN. 



288 





Where, however, right of art inn 

 1900 the deed to* VMtod, as in the owe of a breach of covenant to 

 rrtur. to nay rant, Ac., there may be satisfaction. The satisfaction, to 



be ralkl. niu.1 



have beet) accepted by the party who ha* the right, and 

 xwded from the party who i* lubl*. 



Nothing which is paid or done to'a third [*rty. or proe.*di< from him, 

 out operate a* a Halation. It must aUo be certain, that is, dclinit.- 

 u to time, Ac., and available ; thus where the ntinfaction is by niutii.il 

 agreement, it nnut be suoh am agreement as an action may be main- 

 tained uj-on. Jt mut be valuable : by which it in understood not ,,nly 

 that there can be no satisfaction consequent of a tiling which has no 

 value, u, for uwtann-. a riinh ; Imt obm tli.it the value must lie at least 

 not obviously inferior in amount to tli.it for hich it in given, ouch ax 

 a payment of a Inw MUD of money at the same or a subsequent day ax 

 that on which a greater is dne. Although if there are advantageous 

 cuxunMtanc<v attendant on the payment of a leas sum, this may 

 osrti aa satisfaction. But the giving of a horse or a statue may be 

 a niisfacuon of a claim for a sum of money, if accepted as such, 

 though the bone or statne be in reality of less value than the money. 



sociable instrument may O|r*to as a satisfaction of a debt ; anil 

 U the party who accept* it, by his own negligence fail to recover ujmn 

 it, th- debtor will nererthelees continue discharged. The performance 

 mast be actually executed ; a mere endeavour, or a readiness to per- 

 form, such as a tender of- money, or a part performance, cannot operate 

 as a satisfaction. It inust be beneficial ; thus where one has made a 

 forcible entry on the lands of another, it is not a satisfaction for the 

 wrongful entry to permit that other to re-enter. In an action for 

 IrtspaM and taking cattle, a mere re delivery of the cattle is not a 

 Aifcstactkm. though their conveyance to another place, and it-delivery 

 there, may be so. The benefit also must be one partaking in some 

 shape of a pecuniary character. It must either be money, or capable 

 ug measured by money. Thus a mibmission before certain 

 persons made in pursuance of the order of a court-martial, or an 

 acknowledgement of the injury and prayer for forgiveness kneeling, 

 Uiongh a satisfaction in honour, is not such satisfaction as to deprive 

 the party of his right to damages. Satisfaction to one of several 

 plaintiffs is a bar to all : and satisfaction by one joint wrongdoer dis- 

 charges the others. (Com., ' Dig.,' tit. ' Accord.') 



SATRAP (aarpjiwiit) wan the name given to the governor of a pro- 

 i tin- Persian empire. Ho was appointed by the king, ami was 

 responsible alone to him. Such a system of government has always 

 existed in the large Asiatic empires; but the advantage which the 

 Persian system had over many others of a. similar kind, was the careful 

 separation made- Iwtween the civil and military powers. The governors 

 of the garrisons and the commanders of the troops were independent 

 of the satraps, and responsible only to the king. The duties of the 

 satraps are briefly defined by Xenophon to consist in governing the 

 inhabitants, receiving the tributes, paying the garrisons, and attending 

 to whatever else is necessary. (' Cyrop.,' viii. ti, 1-3.) In the later 

 times of the Persian empire, it became the custom to appoint the 

 satraps to the command of the troops also, especially if they were 

 members of the royal family. In this manner the younger Cyrus was 

 appointed satrap of one of the western provinces of Asia Minor, and at 

 the same time general of all the forces which assembled in the plain . >f 

 Caatolus. (Xen., ' Anab.,' i. 1, S -.) The practice of uniting the civil 

 and military powers in one person, and the greatness of the command 

 entrusted in come nrnrm. was also dangerous to the royal power. An 

 trM*in"T of this kind occurs as early as the time of the first Darius, in 

 the case of Orates, who was governor of Phrygia, Lydia, and Ionia, 

 and was so powerful that Darius dared not proceed openly against 

 him. (Herod., iii. 127.) Subsequently this practice became still more 

 ut : Cyrus had the command of the greater part of the western 

 provinces of Asia Minor ; and after his death, Tigsaphernes was allowed 

 to hold them in addition to his own. From this period we frequently 

 read of revolts of the satraps, and many of them became quite inde- 

 pendent of the king of Persia. (Heeren's ' Asiatic Nations,' vol. i.) 



SATURATION, a term applied in chemistry to denote two widely 

 different phenomena : namely, first to the solution of the greatest 

 poMible quantity of any substance in a liquid medium ; and, secondly, 

 to the neutralisation of a base by on acid or of an acid by a base. 



When common salt, and indeed most other saline and many vegetable 

 l<xlies, are added to water until it ceases to dissolve them, the solution 

 so obtained is termed a saturated solution of the substance dissolved. 



Saturation of this kind may exist with regard to one body and not 

 to another : thus water saturated with common salt will still dissolve 

 sulphate of soda, and vice vend ; so also a saturated solution of com- 

 mon salt will diMolve sugar. The saturating power of bodies is in 

 many caw* greatly influenced by heat, while in others variations of 

 temperature produce but little effect : thus cold water will take up 

 n.-arly as much common salt as hot water ; but sulphate of soda is 

 more soluble in hot water than in cold, and hence it is that a 

 saturated hot solution of this and many other salt* deposits crystals on 

 cooling. Oild water, on the contrary, dissolves more lime than hot, 

 and a saturated solution prepared with water at about 32 holds nearly 

 twice a* much lime in solution as one prepared at 212, and when the 

 cold prepared solution is heated lime is deposited. This, however, i 

 a case of muc 



ch 



than the contrary > 



A* instance* of the second kind of saturation, the following may bo 



adduced : If to a solution of carbonate of potash any stron 

 such as the sulphuric, be added until effervescence ceases, the potash is 

 said to be saturated. In like manner, if a solution of caustic soda be 

 added to nitric acid until the Utter be exactly neutralised, th 

 is said to be saturated. In these cases the point of saturation is 

 determined by the use of paper* stained with different vegetable 

 colours; if, for example, too much carbonate of potash should have 

 been added to the nitric acid to saturate it, it* presence will 1 it- 

 indicated by turning paper coloured yellow with turmeric, brown ; 

 while, on the other bond, excess of acids is in general ascertained 

 by paper stained blue with litmus, which is rendered red by the action 

 : ... ;.;-. 



By these means a very important process in the manufacture of soap 

 and glass i* conducted ; it is termed alkalimetry, and employed for 

 ascertaining the strength of different samples of the carbonates of 

 potash and soda, so largely used in glass- and soap-making. Sulphuric 

 acid diluted to a known extent is added to the alkaline solutions, and 

 when they affect neither blue nor yellow paper, the saturation is 

 . and the purity and strength of the alkalies are determined. 



[ALKALI II KTKY.] 



SATURDAY. [\VKKK.] 



SATURN. The name of one of the old planets, the largest of all 

 the bodies of the solar system, except the Sun and Jupiter. It is 

 encompassed by three rings, unconnected with the planet, but revolv- 

 ing around it. It is also accompanied by eight satellites. 



The apparent semi-diameter of Saturn, at the mean distance of the 

 planet from the earth, is about 16"-4. The real diameter, that of the 

 earth being represented by unity, is about 79,000 miles. The mean 

 density is about 0-55 of 'that of the Sun, or Jth of that of the K..I ih. 

 and the mass of the planet is about j^j, the Sun's mass being repre- 

 sented by unity. It revolves on its axis in 10 hours, 29 minutes ; its 

 equator is inclined to the ecliptic at an angle of 31 19'. Its light and 

 heat are to the light and heat received by the earth as 11 to 1000. The 

 following are the elements of its orbit : 



Epoch 1801, January 1, 12th hour, mean astronomical time at 

 Greenwich. Semi-axis major, 9-6887861, that of the Earth being 

 represented by unity. 



Excentricity, -0561505 ; its secular diminution (diminution in 100 

 years) -000,312,402. 



Inclination of the orbit to the ecliptic, 2 29' 35"7 ; its secular dimi- 

 nution, 15"'5. 



Longitudes from the mean equinox of the epoch : (1) of the i 

 ing node, 111 56' 37"'4; its secular increase (combined with the pre- 

 cession), 3070" ; (2) of the perihelion, 89 . - secular increase 

 (combined with the precession) 6950" ; (3) of the planet (mean), 135 

 20' 6"-5. 



Mean sidereal revolution in 365 J days, 43996"'13; sidereal revolu- 

 tion, 10759-2198174 mean solar days. 



The discovery of the ellipticity of Saturn is due to Sir William 

 Herschel, who concluded, from his observations, that the polar in to 

 the equatorial diameter as 10 to 11. On a subsequent occasion he 

 was led to suspect an irregularity in the figure of the planet, but the 

 researches of Besscl, and also those of Mr. Main,* late first assistant at 

 the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, have proved beyond all doubt that 

 the form of the planet is strictly spheroidal. 



When viewed in the telescope the planet Saturn appears to be 

 diversified with belts extending across his disc in a direction parallel 

 to his equator. It was by watching the changes in the appearance of 

 these belts, that Sir William Herschel succeeded in discovering the 

 motion of the planet on his axis, and in determining the time of a 

 complete rotation. 



The satellite of Saturn which was first perceived is the sixth in the 

 order of distance from the primary. Its discovery was effected by 

 Huyghens in 1655. Four other satellites were subsequently discovered 

 by Caseini in the same century. These five satellites were named the 

 first, second, third, fourth, and fifth, reckoning according to their 

 distance from the primary. In 17M>, two additional satellite 

 discovered by Sir William Herschel. Both of these satellites were 

 found to revolve within the orbit of the .first of the five satellil 

 viously discovered. They ought therefore in accordance with the 

 prevailing nomenclature, to be designated as the fir.-t 

 satellites, but this w.uild liave rendered a revision of tin- names ..f the 

 earlier satellites indispensable. The Her.-rhclian satellites h< 

 were usually styled the sixth and seventh, reekonin in the 



order of distance from the primary. To remedy the imperfection 

 which thus arose from confounding the order of discovery with the 

 order of distance, Sir John Herschel has recently pn .ply to 



the satellites the names of the Titanian divinities, Japetns, Titan, 

 I >ione, Tethys, Enceladus, Mimas, commencing with the most 

 distant satellite. This nomenclature has been generally adopted by 

 astronomers. 



On the 19th of Septcml.er, 1S48, an eighth satellite of Saturn was 

 discovered by Mr. Bond, at the Observatory of Harvard College, Cam- 

 bridge, U. S. ; and also independently, on the same evening, by Mr. 

 Lassell at his Observatory near Liverpool. In continuity with Sir 

 John Herschel's nomenclature it has been called Hyperion. It ranks 



* Now director of the Rndcliffe Observatory, Oxford. 





