i I:\NKS 



SAW ANM) SAW-MILL. 



IM 



b* contracted fr ; that minor* may purchase annuities. The aniinii i>- 

 are parable half-yearly, on the 6th of January and 5th of July, or on 

 the 5th of April ud 10th of October. If any person wishes to have 

 an annuity payable quarterly, that object may be accomplished by 

 purchasing one half |yable in January and July, and the other halt 

 payable in April and October. Upon the death of the jHsrson on 

 life the annuity depends, a sum equal to one-fourth part of the annuity. 

 beyond all unpaid arrears, will bo payable to the person or persons 

 entitled to such annuity, or to their executors or administrators, if 

 claimed within two years. These annuities ore not transferable, 

 unless the purchaser becomes bankrupt or insolvent, when the annuity 

 becomes the property of the creditors, and will be repurchased, at a 

 fair valuation, by the commissioners for the reduction of the n 

 debt. If the purcliaser of an annuity should be unable to_ continue 

 the payment of his instalments, he may at any time, on giving three 

 month*' notice, receive back the whole of the money he has paid, but 

 without interest ; or he may have an immediate or deferred annuity 

 granted, according to the amount of money paid. If the purchaser of 

 a deferred life annuity should die before the time arrives at which the 

 annuity would have commenced, the whole of the money actually con- 

 tributed, but not with interest, will be returned to his family without 

 any deduction. If a person who has contracted for, or is entitled to, 

 an annuity, becomes insane, or is otherwise rendered incapable of 

 acting, such weekly sum will be paid to his friends for maintenance 

 and medical attendance as the managers shall think reasonable, or any 

 such other payments may be made as the urgency of the cose may 

 require, out of the sums standing in the name of the party. Any 

 frauds that may be committed by means of mis-statements and false 

 certificate* will render void the annuity, and subject the parties 

 offending to other and severe penalties. The rules of societies formed 

 for carrying into effect the purposes of this Act must be signed by 

 trustees, certified by the barrister appointed for the purpose, and 

 enrolled with the clerk of the peace for the county or division in the 

 manner already described with regard to the rules of savings banks. 



Annuity tables, calculated under the direction of government, for 

 every admissible period of age, and for every probable deferred term, 

 may be had at the office of the commissioners for reducing the national 

 debt, in the Old Jewry, London. 



These measures appear to be well calculated for enabling the in- 

 dustrious classes to secure a small provision in the time of their youth 

 and strength, for the days of their age and decline, and for inciting 

 them, while yet unencumbered, to apply the surplus of their earnings 

 to meet the wants of those who may become connected with or de- 

 pendent on them in after-life. 



The growth of these societies has been continuous from their esta- 

 blishment. We give below the number and amount in 1833, and add 

 those of 1859 ; but it should be remembered that when the amount 

 reaches 2(KV. it is usually transferred to the public funds, as interest 

 is no longer paid. On the 20th of November, 1833, there were 385 

 savings banks in England holding balances belonging to 414,014 de- 

 positors, which amounted to 13,978,243/., being on an average 342. for 

 each depositor. There were at the same time in Wales 23 savings 

 banks, having balances amounting to 361, ISO/, belonging to 11,269 

 depositors, being an average of $21. for each depositor ; while in Ire- 

 land there were 76 savings banks, with funds amounting to 1,380,7167., 

 deposited by 49,872 persons, the average amount of whose deposits was 

 28?. The total for England, Wales, and Ireland was consequently 484 

 savings banks, with funds amounting to 15,715,111'.; the number of 

 accounts open was 475,155, and the average amount of deposits was 

 consequently 331. 



Qn November 20th, 1859, the total amount of deposits, including 

 interest, in the United Kingdom, was 38,995,876?. The number of 

 individual depositors was 1,479,723, of whom 213,473 were depositors 

 of sums not exceeding 11., 294,739 not exceeding 51., 194,133 not ex- 

 ceeding 10t, 140,092 not exceeding 152., 86,250 not exceeding 20/., 

 148,575 not exceeding SO/., 121,501 not exceeding 40/., 58,032 not ex- 

 ceeding CO/., 98,380 not exceeding 75/., 45,580 not exceeding 1001., 

 30,700 not exceeding 125/., 18,134 not exceeding ISO/., 28,482 not 

 exceeding 200/., and 1652 above 2002. There were also 16,315 Chari- 

 table Institutions, with deposits amounting to 802,3412., and 10,738 

 Friendly Societies, with deposits amounting to 1,731,0951. There were 

 580 Friendly Societies with direct accounts with the commissioners 

 for the reduction of the national debt, their deposits amounting to 

 2,001,754'. The number of annuities granted through Savings Banks 

 or Parochial Societies, from the commencement in 1854 to January 5, 

 1880, was 9707 immediate annuiti.-n, .-un. Minting to 196,1 121., for 

 which 2,064,812/. had been paid, and of which 3046/. of the yearly 

 amount of 59,4327. had fallen in ; 160 deferred annuities on payment 

 of one sum, to the amount of 2704/., for which 30,9792. bad been paid, 

 and of which 26/. of the yearly amount of 478/. had fallen in ; anc 

 1875 deferred annuities for annual j>ayments, to the amount of 37,4862. 

 for which 17,622/. had been paid ; of these 1110 had fallen in, to the 

 yearly amount of 21.390/., and 44,037'. had been returned in conse 

 quence of death or default 



In November, 1858, the total amount of securities given by mana 

 gers and trustees of savings banks had been only 67,0/02., and these 

 almost entirely in Ireland. 



Much useful information as to the formation, management, and th 



means of ensuring the security of savings banks, will be found in ' A 

 radical Treatise on Savings Banks, 1 by Arthur .Scratchley, M.U., 

 s,:,i 



(I/atom of flaringi Sanki, by J. Tidd Pratt ; The Law relal 

 he Purduuc of Government Annuities trough Savingt Sank tt.nl 

 'arochial Societies, by the same author.) 



SAW AND SAW-MILL. The division of wood by riving or 



putting was probably the most ancient method of reducing it to pieces 



of convenient size and shape. If the grain of timber were straight, 



his plan would have the advantage of economy ; but as it is not so in 



general, considerable waste is occasioned by riving when the pieces are 



required to be straight, much wood having to be removed with an 



I/,- in order to make it so. Hence the invention of saws. 



Saw* were used by the ancient Egyptians. The annexed cut repre- 



sents a saw that was discovered, with several other carpenters' tools, 



in a private tomb at Thebes, and which is now preserved in the British 

 \In.M-iim. The following cut, from KoseUini's work on Egyptian anti- 



quities, represents a man using a similar saw ; the piece of wood which 

 lie is cutting being held between two upright posts. In other repre- 

 sentations the timber is bound with ropes to a single post ; and in one, 

 also copied by Rosellini, the workman is engaged in tightening the 

 rope, having left the saw sticking in the cut. There is a curious 

 picture among the remains discovered in Herculaueum, representing a 

 carpenter's workshop, with two genii cutting a piece of wood with 

 a frame-saw. On an altar preserved in the Capitoline Museum at 

 Homo there is a representation of a bow-saw, exactly resembling in 

 the frame and the twisted cord those used by modern carpenters. 



Saws are of various forms and sizes. Those used by carpenters and 

 other artificers in wood are the most numerous. Among these are the 

 following : The croxs-cut saw, for dividing logs transversely, two per- 

 sons being employed to pull the saw backwards and forwards, and the 

 teeth being so formed as to cut equally in both directions. The /' 

 with large teeth, and a transverse handle at each end. It is used for 

 sawing logs into planks, the piece to be cut being laid over a saw-nit 

 six or seven feet deep. One man stands on the log, and the other in 

 the pit, and they pull the saw alternately up and down, the saw cutting 

 in its descent only. The frame-saw is from five to seven feet long, 

 stretched tightly in a frame of timber, the plane of the saw being at 

 right angles with that of the frame. It is used in a similar manner 

 to the pit-saw, but causes less waste, because the blade, being stretched, 

 may be made much thinner. The ripping-saw, half-rif/ier, hand-am'-, 

 i nd-saw are saws for the use of one person, the blades tapering 

 in width from the handle. They are of different lengths, the largest 

 being about twenty-eight inches; and the teeth vary from one-third 

 to one-eighth of an inch. Ttmm-air, mth-tairt, daretail-sawn, &c., are 

 very thin, of equal width throughout their whole length, and stitl'.-n.-.l 

 with stout pieces of iron or brass fixed on their back edges. These are 

 used for many purposes for which a neat clean cut is required, but 

 where it is not necessary for the whole width of the saw-blade to pass 

 through the wood. Vom/iats and key-hole saw taper from about an inch 

 to an eighth of, an inch iu width, and are used for making curved cuts. 

 Small frame-sain and bout-saws, in which very thin narrow blad. 

 tightly stretched, are occasionally used for cutting both wood :unl 

 metal. Saws are made for cutting bone, iron, brass, and many other 

 hard substances ; and there are several varieties used by the carpenter 

 besides what have been enumerated ; but it is unnecessary here to 

 detail them. 



The very commonest kind of saws are made of iron-plates, hammer- 

 liardened, and planished upon an anvil, to give them some degree of 

 stiffness and elasticity. The more useful saws are made either of shear 







