

\K 1'AINTING. 



TuU iliiiain (rue* from the morbid oonditioo of the kidney*. In a 

 lane number of cvtm of scarlatina the kidney* are primarily affected, 

 DO the urine preeenU a low specific gravity, and contains albumen. 

 la the aiuuarca which oomes on after the febrile symptom* have ftmni 

 away, then- u ipTariably present albuminuria. Thi condition i the 

 miaul often terminate* fatally by dropuoal effusion* occurring in the 

 plrara, the pericardium, or the membrane* of the brain. It sometime* 

 happen* that an attack of scarlet fever may not obviously produce th 

 iwual akin and Uiroat symptom*, but rx|>nd all iU force on the 

 internal organ*, especially the kidneys. Under theao circumstance* 

 anaaarca may come on and lead to a fatal result. 



Amongst other sequela) or result* of the action of the scarlatinal 

 poison U an eitension of the inflammation of the throat into the 

 euaUchiaa tube, and the internal ear. In this way the bone* of the 

 ear are destroyed, and ulceration of the tympanum and it* destruction 

 follow. Firtid discharges take place, and the whole of the internal ear 

 not OnfrequenUy become* involved, producing, should the inflammation 

 not extend to the brain and destroy the patient, permanent deafness. 



In other caae* an affection of the joints, not unlike rheumatism, 

 eorne* on during the attack of scarlet fever. This affection of the 

 joint* continues sometime* a long while after the active symptoms of 

 the fever have disappeared. 



Scarlatina is an example of a contagious and infectious disease. In 

 the majority of cases the origin of the disease can be traced to exposure 

 to the poison arising from a previous cane. The intensity of the poison 

 linn greater than even that of small pox or typhus. Dr. Watson 

 says, " it lurks about an apartment, or clings to furniture and cloth. -. 

 for a very long time, even after some care has been taken to purify 

 them. Of this I have known several remarkable examples. You will 

 be asked at what period the danger of imparting the disease on the 

 one hand, or of catching it on the other, is over ; and I would recom- 

 mend you to answer that you do not know. I am sure I do not." 

 Many persons go through life without catching this disease, and it is 

 most desirable that all should. The only certain way of avoiding it 

 is the strictest quarantine. Any thing which has been near the 

 patient, or handled by persons attending upon the patient, may com- 

 municate the disease. The only certain prevention of its spread in 

 families is either the removal of the sick or those liable to take the 

 disease. The spread of the scarlatinal poison is not dependent on dirt 

 and squalor, and other circumstances injurious to health, although the 

 fatality of the disease is greatly increased by these circumstances. The 

 disease ig generated and spread by the poison alone. It is on this 

 account that the greatest attention should be paid in nursing this 

 disease to prevent infected things from passing out of the patient's 

 bedroom. All linen or clothes worn by the patient should be imme- 

 diately after they are used placed in boding water. All vessels used in 

 the bedroom should be immediately emptied after they ar. 

 chlorinated lime or soda, or the permanganate of soda, being added to 

 their content*. The vessels should also be washed and rinsed out with 

 solutions of these substances. After the patient has recovered, every 

 thing in the room that can be placed in boiling water should be 

 submitted to its action, and books, papers, and things which will not 

 bear water, should be placed in an oven. The room should be fumi- 

 gated with chlorine, and the walls and ceiling whitewashed. 



In the treatment of scarlatina it should be remembered that in the 

 milder case* little or no medicine is required. The patient passes 

 through all stages with little derangement of the system, and the only 

 thing required is to prevent exposure to cold, and to watch for the 

 aceevion of any of the symptoms of the sequela; above mentioned. 

 When the symptoms are more severe on alkaline treatniemt may be 

 recommended. L)r. Watson especially recommends the chlorate of 

 potash with hydrochloric acid. When the throat symptoms are severe 

 in adults, leeches to the throat or cupping at the nape of the neck have 

 been strongly recommended. Some practitioners recommend, in 

 caw* of a low type, small and often repeated doses of sulphate of 

 quinine. Win i,, the pulee is rapid and the tongue becomes dark, the 

 administration of wine is indicated, and where wine fails to Btinmi:ite 

 sufficiently, brandy has been given with advantage. The sesquicarbo- 

 nate of ammonia, in cases with low symptoms, bos been vaunted as a 

 specific : it may be given with advantage in coses in which wine is 

 indicated. Purgatives and saline diaphoretics may be adminl-i 

 the symptoms indicate. The throat demands especial attention 

 the tonsils are merely swollen a gargle of alum or powdered alum may 

 be applied. When it is ulcerated the ulcers iniy be touched with 

 nitrate of silver or a lotion applied. The chlorate of potash, with 

 nitrohydrochloric acid, may be used as a gargle. Where the liberations 

 * f" 1 th a lotion of chlorinated lime or 



oda will greatly contribute to the comfort of the patient. There is no 

 one system of treatment that is adapted for all canes, and those 

 who advocate one system can have bad but little experience of the great 

 variety of forms which the disean 



treatment of the onasarca and other sequela* will depend 

 on the symptoms present. When drojwical effusion comes on, the 

 patient will bear more active treatment than in the primary and 

 secondary stages of the disease. Cupping or leech** to the loins is of 

 sen-ice, and active purgatives. The chlorate of potash may be con- 

 tinued in this form of the disease, and when the more formidable 

 ymutouu are subdued, the salts of iron, may be administered. 



.(Bennett, Prinri/iUt of lltdif'm, : Ho.l, ih, If, I'ul.tl li:itut of 

 Children ; Watson, Ltflant on the Practice of Phytic ; Aitken, The 

 Sciturt and Art of Metlirinr.) 



AK1.KT 1>YK [CAI.HO PKINTINU; COCUI.NKAL; DVEINO.] 



.HLAT1XA.] 



With rw: kg* ..f the I 



being founded i<t <I[M>. i alUufon*. 



But granting that they employed some kind of temporary stage 



the presumption is that 



ii did n..t at all resemble our modern scenery. The width of their 

 stages renders it diHicult to understand how any scene ; n a 



finale piece of canvas of sufficient size could h.iv<< i n. or 



liawn up, as it is supposed the anlaa were, or otherwise changed 

 during the |>erformance ; and it is quite certain that, since the per- 

 formance* took place in the open air and by daylight, howevor con- 

 trived "i .x.-.iit.d. any kind of scenery like that of our modern theatres 

 could not have produced the same degree of illusion. 



With the rise and progress of scene-painting and stage-effect in 

 modern times we ore not much better acquainted, since in> 

 of early scenery have been preserved, and only scanty, ca-n,d, mid 

 fragmentary notteea relative to it have come down to us. From 

 is recorded of Baldassari Peruzzi's [PSBDZOI, in Bio rksof 



this class, and those of some- other artists, it would seem that 

 painting was very greatly improved, though it may not have been 

 brought all at once to perfection, about the time of L.- . Coi 

 alile improvement appears also to have taken place in the g. 

 I-.. M.nin ' i the stage and everything connected with sceni. 

 as well as in scene- painting. For much of 1, 



contemporaries Inigo Jones won indebted to the fan ut he 



displayed not merely as a scene painter, but in getting up pageants 

 and masques, and planning the decorations and machinery for them. 

 But with iiio effects and eontriv: 



we have little more than traditional report to depend upon, for there 

 exists no history of theatrical painting and of the. various inij 

 ments which have from time to time taken place in the decorations 

 and apparatus of the stage. 



Of this last, ami of the quantity of hidden machinery requisite for 

 expeditiously changing the scenes, as well as for effecting more com- 

 plex displays in pieces of f/ieclaclf, we shall not here speak, but r 

 our remarks to the painted scenery alone. Beginning with what is 

 technically termed the drup-sccne, as being the simplest of all, we have 

 merely to remark that it is no more than a picture or single painted 

 surface let down by way of blind or curtain between the acts, so as to 

 close up the opening of the proscenium. As it generally continues to 

 be used for au indelinite time thirty or forty years in some instances 

 the drop is more care-fully executed than back scenes, which, showy 

 as they may be in effect, are required only for a season, and are at a 

 much greater distance from the spectators. As far too as pictorial 

 effect and truth of perspective are concerned, a drop shows itself to far 

 greater advantage than other scenery, which is composed of dif- 

 ferent pieces constituting what is called a set of scenes. These consist 

 of the narrow upright pieces called *idc-<f<'> i*. of the narrow 



horizontal ones (hmigmg-ioatei or tojh'lx, paiutl to imitate a sky or 

 ceiling, but chiefly intended to screen the space over the stage), and of 

 the ttiiL-k-scenc. Backs again are of two kinds, namely,; 

 which are let down from above, and jlutt, which are formed of two 

 sliding scenes strained upon framing, like the wings, and meeting each 

 other and uniting in the centre. These are employed when what ore 

 termed /f,-in-iictilile scenes are required, that is, with doors, windows, 

 &c., which admit of being used as real doors, &c. ; or else when there 

 is occasion that the " flat " should sudd, nly open and discover another 

 scene behind it. Ill addition to these, there are what arc ' 

 flats, which are scenes cut out in places so that both the background is 

 seen and the actors can pass through them. They are common!;, 

 for the representation of groves or forests, but sometimes for int 

 with open, arches. There are a are technically kno 



now scenes placed obliquely on one side of the stage when it 

 is wanted to show a cottage or corner of a house, with a //< 

 door in it. Lastly, there : ry, as it is termed, where, instead 



of the usual wings ranged one behind the other, there is a single scene 



>ide extending from front to back, so that the stage i 

 pletely enclosed. By this means a more perfect representation of a 

 room can be obtained than where wings are employed. 



In t'a.'t side-scent's or wings can be regarded as little better than so 

 many detached screens absolutely necessary to shut out from view the 

 space on each side of the stage, since in themselves they rather detract 

 from than at all aid illusion and effect; n i ally in interiors, 



where what should represent a continuous wall or sin face on either 

 side is broken into several pieces, which ar placed parallel to 



the back scene or flat, instead of being at right angles to it. If the 

 scenery be viewed exactly from the centre and from the true perspec- 

 tive distance, the defect thus occasioned is not very striking or otfen- 

 sive; but if the spectator be near to the stage, or plared on one side 

 of the house, the whole ! ;e or less distorted, and the wings 



appear to he only so many disjointed fragments, so that all scenic 

 illusion is destroyed, 



Scene-pointing is executed in dittcmper, that is, with colours mixed 



