SCOPAHIN. 



SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF. 



: : 



MM CMM, boworer, when persons were unable to play the lyre, a 

 Uurcl or myrtle branch was handed to them. Soolia wen fint mug 

 and composed by the Greeks of the JEolun race, and especially in 

 Lesbos ; but the custom was thence transferred into Attic*, where it 

 subsequently became a universal practice to sing aoolia at repasts. The 

 contents of UMM abort songs which, in the specimens itill extant, 

 Mldom exceed four lines varied according to time and circumstances. 

 The metre* in which aeolia were written are of a lively and animated 

 character, and, on the whole, reaemble thoee uted by the lyric poeU of 

 the jBolian aehooL Terpander is aaid to hare been the fint who wrote 

 seulia, and he wa* followed by Aloous, Sappho, Anaoreon, Praxilla, 

 Simooidet, Pindar, and many other*. A collection of Greek Kolia still 

 extant hat been made by C. D. Ilgen, in his ' ZceAMl : id eat Carolina 

 convivialia Ontcorum, rnetrii suis reatituta et animadversiunibun 

 illuatrata,' Jena, 1798. The number of aoolia In this collection is fifty, 

 but they are not all real scolia. 



(Compare Muller, Hal. of Greet Li'., Ac. ; Bode, Urtrhiclile der 

 ItMtt***, vol. it, part 1) 



8COPARIS. (C,H n O M ?>. This substance appear* to be the 

 diuretic principle of the Spartium ooparimn. The concentrated in- 

 fusion of thu plant solidifies on cooling to a brownish-green jelly, 

 which consist* of scoparin, chlorophylls, and ijmrtriit. The chloro- 

 phyll* is separated by water which dissolve* the other two substances. 

 During the spontaneous evaporation of this aqueous solution the 

 aeopann separatee in the form of small yellow crystals, which are 

 slightly soluble in cold water, but very soluble in boiling water or 

 boiling alcohol. Scoparin is inodorous and insipid, and without action 

 upon teat papers. Nitric acid transforms it into picric acid. 



SCOPA'HIUS, CYT1SU8 SCOPA'RIUS, or BROOM, a shrub ex- 

 tremely common on uncultivated ground, heaths, Ac., of moet parts of 

 Britain. The young tops or twigs when bruised, have an unpleasant 

 odour, and a disagreeable nauseous taste. The seeds are emetic, and 

 probaHy contain cytisine, an alkaloid found in the seeds of the Cytisus 

 Laburnum, which possesses emetic, and, in large doses, poisonous 

 properties. But Dr. Stenhouse thinks the broom has a volatile nar- 

 cotic principle, to which he gives the name of Spartiine. It also bos an 

 inert principle which he calls Scoparine. An infusion made with cold 

 water is equally efficacious as the decoction, and much more palatable. 



Broom tops boiled in water form a decoction which acts both on the 

 bowels and kidneys. It is unquestionably a valuable diuretic, and 

 many obstinate cases of dropsies have yielded to the use of this indi- 

 genous remedy which had resisted other means. It* diuretic properties 

 may be increased by the addition of juniper berries and dandelion, to 

 form the decoction, as now directed in the Pharmacopoeia, and by 

 adding to each dose, acetate, tartrate, or bitartrate of potash. 



8CORDEIN. An aromatic non-azotised yellow substance found in 

 the Sencrium Seordium. 



SCOHE, in music, is a collection of all the vocal and instrumental 

 parts of a composition, arranged on staves, one above the other, and 

 bar for bar, presenting at once, to the eye of a skilful musician, the 

 effect of the whole band as the composition proceeds. 



8CORPIUS, or SCORPIO (the Scorpion), a constellation of the 

 zodiac, lying between Libra and Sagittarius, and bounded north and 

 south by Ophiuchus and Lupus. It contains one star of the first mag- 

 nitude, which with Spica Virginia, and Arcturus, forms a conspicuous 

 triangle. As noticed in LIBRA, this constellation was formerly two 

 signs of the Greek zodiac, the claws occupying the place of Libra. 

 The story is that the chelre or claws of the Scorpion were drawn back 

 by Roman astronomers, and the constellation Libra added in honour of 

 Julius Ca-sar, at whose death a new star was said to have appeared in 

 that part of the heavens. This story is alluded to, not very distinctly, by 

 Virgil ; Hyginus is totally silent about it, merely saying that his coun- 

 trymen call one part of this constellation Libra. Manilius uses both 

 Libra and Chelae. Ptolemy does not mention Libra in his catalogue, 

 though he docs elsewhere. Dupuis contend*, from its presence in the 

 most ancient Indian and Persian zodiacs, that it is in reality as ancient 

 as the rest : and indeed it is not unlikely that the Greeks may have 

 derived their zodiac from some nation in which the term for scales 

 was confounded with that for claws, either by a synonyme in the 

 language itself, or by mistranslation on their port. 



The following are the principal stars : 



No. in Catalogue No. in Catalogue 



Chmractcr. 



F 



v 



a 



3 



of FUmsteed. 

 (I'iixzl.) 



5 







7 



8 



14 

 91 

 28 

 34 

 85 

 074) 



of British 

 Association. 



6272 



MM 



M8I 



5498 

 .' M 

 6901 

 6915 

 6970 

 - 

 W140 

 B778 



Magnitude. 

 4 

 3 

 8 

 2 

 4 

 1 

 3 

 4 



3 

 3 

 4 



4 



. SCOT, from sou/, an Anglo-Saxon word originally signifying "a 

 part" or " portion." It appears also, at least in composition, to have 

 meant any sum paid ; thus, sawl-sceat, soul-scot, or soul-shot, was the 

 name for the ecclesiastical due payable at the open grave for the 

 benefit of the soul of the deceased. Previous to the Reform Act, 

 9 Win. IV., c. 45, in many boroughs the payment of scot and lot con- 

 stituted a qualification as a voter for a member of parliament of the 

 borough. Those who possessed such qualification at the time of 

 passing the Act had, under certain conditions, their rights reserved 

 to them. 



'The qualification consists in the payment of the rates which are 

 allotted to each person as the proportion to be contributed by him. 

 The criterion adopted for the purpose of ascertaining the soot and lot 

 voters of a borough, is the poor-rate of the respective parishes com- 

 prised in it. 



(Rogers On Sltrtioxt.) 



SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF. The constitution of this church is 

 considered under the heads of GENERAL ASSEMBLY ; PRKSBYTERIANB ; 

 and SKSSION. KIHK. An important portion of its recent history is 

 narrated under the head KHEK CHURCH. It remains only chrono- 

 logically to mention the chief events in the history of the church. 

 The main struggles of the Reformation in Scotland date at the middle 

 of the 16th century. On August 1st, 1560, a convention parli 

 abolished the Romish hierarchy, and on 20th December of the same 

 year, the first general assembly was held in Edinburgh. The tercen- 

 tenary of this event was celebrated throughout Scotland and by 

 Presbyterians in England on December 20, 1860. In 1501 the ' First 

 Book of Discipline,' still an important part of the ecclesiastical < 

 the established church and the various sects into which the Presby- 

 terians of Scotland are now divided, was compiled. The fundamental 

 principles of the reformed church were passed into an act of parliament 

 in 15ri7 (Act 1667, c. 3), with the title, 'The Confession of the K-.ith 

 and Doctrine believed and possessed by the Protestants of Scot hud. 

 exhibited to the Estates of the same Parliament, and be their publick 

 Votis authorised, as a Doctrine grounded on the infallilil. \\-i.t ,.i 

 God.' This constitution however had more reference to doctrine than 

 to church polity. It condemned some of the more prominent features 

 of the system of the abjured hierarchy, but did not contain any 

 announcement of the new system of church government. The early 

 constitution of the church as approved of by Knox and his friends, 

 admitted of a difference of grades, certain clergymen being called 

 ' Superintendents ' of Provinces, which actually or nearly corresponded 

 with the bounds of the old bishoprics. The Presbyterian polity was 

 at length established by the act of 1592 (c. 114), called ' Ratification of 

 the Libertie of the trew Kirk : of General! and Synodal] Assemblies : 

 of Presbyteries : of Discipline.' In the mean time, those who hod 

 been the zealous clerical supporters of the reformation expected that 

 the temporalities of the Roman Catholic church, or at least a con- 

 siderable portion of them, would be applied to ecclesiastical purposes 

 under the new system. They found however that the powerful 

 laymen who assisted in the demolition of the old system had very 

 different views. They spoke of this notion as "a devout imagination," 

 and kept by far the larger portion of the spoil to themselves. After 

 some hard struggles, in which the national feeling in favour of Pres- 

 byterianism was driven very nearly to an outbreak, Episcopacy was 

 re-established by the parliament of 1612. In 1637, the cell 

 Liturgy, concocted by Laud ai d West, on principles more i 

 approaching to the Roman Catholi.: forms than those of the English 

 Liturgy, created the convulsions which ended in the civil war and the 

 re-establishment of Presbytery. On this occasion, great part of the 

 assistance which the Covenanters received from the lauded gentry was 

 owing to their dread of a plan for restoring church lands to the 

 hierarchy. On the restoration of Charles II., all the acts of the pre- 

 vious reign subsequent to the year 1623 were ' rescinded ' or repealed, 

 and consequently the Episcopal form of church government was 

 restored. The persecutions that arose out of the attempt to enforce 

 this system on a people who abhorred it the more, the more stringently 

 it was enforced on them by penal laws, is well known in history. 

 These laws were relaxed, but not in a manner to satisfy the I'n-i.'\ 

 terians, by the indulgences of James to all who differed from tfir 

 established Episcopal church. At the Revolution the Presby 

 form was re-established. The followers of this system, who throu>j)i 

 the times of the hottest persecution did not ask to be tolerated I 

 be made an exclusive establishment, now thought that the hour \\ .- 

 come for the " extermination " of their opponents ; but they were told 

 i \ KIHL; William that that was a word not in his vocabulary. In 1699 

 lay patronage was abolished by an act of the Scottish parliament. It 

 was re-established by an act of the British parliament in 1710. This 

 act created many disputes in the church ; it occasioned the secession 

 of 1736, elsewhere mentioned [KRSKINE, EBENEZEH, in ilm,,. Drv.l, 

 and it was the cause of the great severance in 1843 [FREE CHURCH], 

 In the same year with that severance an act was passed for modifying 

 the right of patronage, called ' Lord Aberdeen's Act' (6 ft 7 Viet. c. 61, 

 passed 17th August, 1848): a measure said to have been passed for 

 the purpose of satisfying the scruples of some clergymen who would 

 not remain in the church as it was, but would be content with a less 

 comprehensive measure than the Veto Act. The. difference 1 ' 

 these two systems was, in the first place, that the Veto Act was 



