4 IT 



SKNKl'A IX 



\KATK I'KOI-r.RTY. 



Thi was fint assigned to the senate by Soipio Africanus Major, B.C. 

 194 (I.ir. xxxir. SI; romp. Oic. 'pro (fluent.'. 47.) In the reign of 

 CUudius they obtained the name distinction at the gamn in tin- 

 (Suet. ' Claud.', 21 ; Dion Cass., Ix. 7.) 



4. < >n the day whan sacrifice* were offered to Jupiter, the senator* 

 had a public feait on the Capitol, and thu distinction, which no one 

 else had, wa called jus public* ppuUndi. (Suet, ' Aug.', 88 ; 

 OeUhu, xii. 8.) 



5. The jua 'libene legation is, that in, senators, when allowed to 

 trarel abroad, had a right to demand from the inhabitant* of tin- 

 town* or countries through which they travelled, all that wa 

 necessary for their rapport or accommodation. Toward* the end of 

 Uie republic thin right wa* much abused, wherefore Cicero obtained 

 the paining a law which limited the time during which a senator might 

 be absent and enjoy the ju* libene legation!* to one year : Cnsar, 

 howerer. extended it to five. 



IMHVN*. [Xoirrn AMERICAN INDIANS.] 



K<H;IN. [SAPOXW.] 



K-ii'H \l . a word rarely used except by person* who affect a 

 kind of refinement of style which they think is attained by using 

 word* of exotic growth rather than words the natural growth of their 

 own nil, the meaning being precisely that which is represented by the 

 word " toward," and this when the word is applied to officers so desig- 

 nated of the greatest eminence ; the lord high-steward of England or 

 of Scotland being the proper phrase for that great officer, and not lord- 

 hich seneschal. But the function* of the officer called steward in 

 Britain corresponding with those of the officer called seneschal abroad, 

 and especially in France, when the word appears in Latin, it is repre- 

 sented by lautcaUta, writs running " Seneecallo Hospitii Regis," &c., 

 when addressed to the steward. In poetry and romance-writing it is 

 sometime* used for a principal officer in the household of distinguished 

 persons, when it is thought that the word steward would be too 

 familiar, and suggest an officer whose duties are of an inferior class to 

 those of the seneschal. 



SENNA is prepared from several species of Canria [CASSIA, in NAT. 

 HIST. DIT.], of which the aeutifolia, grown in Egypt, Sennoar, and 

 Abyssinia, and shipped from Alexandria, is considered the best The 

 leaflets, leaf stalk*, and pod* are frequently present in the senna used 

 in medicine. Thepulpof C. Fistula, called also OaAartteamu /W/, 

 consists chiefly of sugar and gum, with some other principles, and is a 

 mild laxative. It accordingly enters into the composition of the con- 

 fection of cassia, and the confection of senna or lenitive electuary. 

 These are pleasant-tasted but rather bulky purgatives for children. 

 They are not much used, and the pulp of cassia is chiefly employed to 

 form what is termed essence of coffee. This, when prepared from pulp 

 which has not been kept too long, is mildly cathartic, and a very proper 

 article of diet for persons subject to habitual constipation. 



Senna contains a peculiar principle called mthartine, with a, fat oil, 

 and a little volatile oil, a colouring principle, mucilage, and malate and 

 tartrate of lime, chlorophylle, &c. 



The active or purging principle is yielded to water, both cold and 

 warm, and to alcohol If the infusion be made with cold water, it 

 never gripes : this method is now much employed to form the con- 

 centrated infusions supplied by wholesale chemists and druggist* to 

 country practitioners. It requires that the water should stand twenty- 

 four hours on the leaves, which should be kept down with a heavy 

 weight, and the air excluded as thoroughly as possible. The tincture 

 is almost an unnecessary form, while the powder is objectionable from 

 it* bulk and disagreeable taste. Various articles, especially aromatics, 

 are occasionally added to infusions to correct its griping tendencies, or 

 increase its purgative power. The confection is an example of such 

 combinations in a solid state. A carefully prepared extract keeps well, 

 retains the odour and virtue for years, and may be given in moderate- 

 sized boluses or pills. 



SENSIBILITY, an aptitude for receiving impressions of the senses. 

 Thi* is it* physiological meaning, as designating that faculty of the 

 sense* whereby things external are made to act upon us. That peculiar 

 fineness of organisation which renders a man alive to the impressions of 

 physical object*, has, by a natural metaphor, become the expression of 

 that peculiarity of mental organisation which renders the mind alive 

 to impressions of moral object*, such as pity for the distress of others, 

 admiration of heroic courage or patient endurance, &c. ; and thus a 

 person with a keen sense of grandeur, sublimity, nobility, beauty, or 

 pathos in nature or art, u said to possess great sensibility. It is this 

 moral aspect of sensibility which in all people creates the love of 

 poetry and fiction, and when possessed in a high degree creates the 

 poet himself. 



A singular but suggestive theory of universal sensibility was pro- 

 pounded by Campanella in his work ' l)e Sensu Ucrum ; ' but its 

 daring assumptions, however consonant to a poetical temperament, 

 require greater accuracy, larger data, and more logical deductions, 

 before this hypothesis can have any weight with exact thinkers ; and 

 in fact it has gained few convert*. 



IENTENCE. [JCDOMENT; OHOANON.] 



SENTINEL, or SENTRY (from icntirr, to look or perceive), is a 

 term now applied to on infantry soldier when placed on guard before 

 the palace of a royal personage, or before some other public building ; 

 also when guarding the ramparts of a fortress, or, on an army being 



in the field, when he is stationed on the exterior of the line of outposts. 



[I'mVRT.l 



BEPAJtATE PROPERTY. By the common law of England the 

 husband acquired by the marriage a freehold interest in, and a right to 

 Hlpo of, the rents and profits, during the joint lives of himself and 

 his wife, of all the estates of inheritance of which she was at that tim 

 seised, or might become seised during the coverture, as well as a right to 

 an estate for hi* own life as tenant by the curtesy in the event 

 Mirviv ing his wife and there having been issue of the marriage. By 

 the common law, also, marriage was an absolute gift to the husband of 

 all the good* and personal chattels of which the wife was actually pos- 

 sessed at that time or might become possessed during the coverture, 

 and it gave him a right to dispose of her chattels real and of such of 

 her chose* in action a* he should have reduced into possession 

 during the same period. There was no mode by which the wife could 

 take or enjoy any estate or property absolutely independent of her 

 husband. 



In process of time, however, limitations of both real and personal 

 property to the separate use of the wife were established in courts of 

 equity, and the validity of them has been recognised even in courts of 

 law. It was at first considered necessary that property which was to 

 be enjoyed by a married woman for her separate use should be vested 

 in trustees for her, but it has since been settled that where cither real 

 or personal property is given to the separate use of n married woman, 

 without any appointment of trustees, the husband shall be con^ 

 a trustee for her. This principle applies d fortiori when the property 

 is expressly given to the husband for the separate use of his wife. In 

 the same manner the agreement in writing between the husband and 

 wife before marriage, that his wife shall be entitled to any specific 

 property for her separate use, converts him into a trustee for her as to 

 that property ; and if the subject of agreement be real estate, and be 

 such as to give the wife a power of disposition, the agreement will be 

 binding on her heir, and make him a trustee for her appointee. The 

 consideration of what is or is not a valid settlement of property by the 

 husband to the separate use of his wife as against creditors and pur- 

 chaser*, belongs to the general doctrine of marriage settlements. 

 [SETTLEMENT.] 



Many questions have arisen upon the construction of particular 

 instruments as to what words are necessary to raise a trust for the 

 separate use of the wife. The result of the cases upon this point may 

 be stated to be, that when, from the nature of the transaction and the 

 context of the instrument, the intention to limit the property to the 

 wife for her separate use is clear, whatever may be the particular 

 expressions used, that intention will be carried into effect ; but that 

 the courts of equity will not interfere to deprive the husband of the 

 interest which he would otherwise take in his wife's property upon 

 doubtful inferences or ambiguous expressions. It has sometimes been 

 doubted whether property could be limited in trust for a woman, 

 whether married or sole at the time, so as to enure to her separate 

 use in the event of a second or future marriage ; but the recent 

 decisions upon this point, in accordance with the general practice of 

 conveyancers, leave no room now to doubt their validity. The intention 

 to extend the limitation to future covertures must, however, be clearly 

 declared ; for if the apparent object be to protect the fund against the 

 particular husband, a declaration that the trust shall continue during 

 the life of the woman will not extend it to a future marriage. 



Separate estate may be acquired not only in lands and person.-ilty, 

 but in the profits of trade carried on by the wife on her separate 

 account, in consequence cither of express agreement between her and 

 her husband before marriage, or his subsequent permission. Upon 

 the general principles applicable to marriage settlements, the agreement 

 in the former case will be good against creditors ; in the latter against 

 the husband only. In such cases the stock in trade and property 

 required for carrying on the business are usually vested in trustees 

 for the wife, who is considered at law as their agent, and should carry 

 on all business transactions in their names. But if no trustees should 

 j have been appointed, the rule of equity before stated will apply, and 

 the husband will be bound by hia agreement, that all his wife's 

 earnings in trade shall be her separate property and at her own 

 disposal. 



When personal property, whether in possession or reversion, is 

 settled to the separate use of a married woman, she may dispose of 

 it and the produce of it as a feme sole to the full extent of her 

 interest, though no particular power be given by the instrument of 

 settlement. But a mere limitation of real estate in fee to the sole 

 and separate use of a married woman, though it enables the wife to 

 dispose of the rents and profits a* a feme sole, gives her no power of 

 disposition over the estate beyond what she has by the common law. 

 The gift to the separate use may be accompanied by an express power 

 of appointment by deed or will. The rules of law relating to the 

 formal execution of such powers, and the cases in which defective 

 execution will be supplied, are the same as those which are applicable 

 to the execution of powers in general. [UsKs.] 



It is not necessary in all cases of settlement of personal property to 

 the separate use of a married woman, accompanied with a power of 

 appointment, that she should appoint in terms of the power. Upon 

 this point the following distinctions are established : 1. When there 

 is an express limitation of an estate for life in the fund to the wife ; 



