Ul 



r EMBER. 



. ! T.sTRATION. 



_i was raised in the neighbourhood of Madru, and trained and 

 dteiplincd br Mr. Haliburton, * lieutenant. From 1748 to 1766 the 

 avpoy* wrre in separate companies of 100 Mob, commanded by u- 

 badari, or native captain*, though under the superintendence of KUM- 

 peuu. In 1764 the companies ware formed into battalions of 1000 

 MB each, commanded by European officer*, under whom the subadars 

 till retained their rank and influence. In 1794 two battalion! were 

 made to constitute regiment, which continued to be the form till 

 about ISiO, ainoe which time each regiment hiw been made to 

 of two Nitt<li"n of 500 men each. This description of force was 

 adopts! aUo in Bombay and Madras, and continue"! to increase. In 

 ISW.jiut before the mutiny of the Bengal army, the natire army 

 was composed of 240,120 men, forming, 



5 Troops of horee artillery. 

 18 Companies of artillery. 



22 Regiments of regular cavalry. 

 155 Regiments of regular infantry. 



23 Regiment* of irregular cavalry. 

 30 Regiments of irregular infantry. 



5 Contingent brigades of all arms. 

 1 Native legion. 



The native army, which, with the whole of the Company's troops, 

 were in 1853 transferred with the government of India and placed 

 under the crown, having been in great part destroyed by the mutiny 

 of the Bengal army, is now greatly reduced, and is being reorganised 

 and placed on the footing of irregulars. In irregular regiments the 

 number of European officers is very small, the men receive high pay, 

 and provide their own hones, forage, Ac. 



SEPTEMBER, the ninth month, as the year is now divided by 

 European nations. It consists of 30 days. Etymologicolly the name 

 is improper, being a Latin term formed of ttpttm, seven, and the ter- 

 mination hrr ; and the same impropriety belongs to October, November, 

 and December. The Roman year originally commenced in March ; and 

 the English names of the months, which ore all Latin terms, appear to 

 have been given to them by the lawyers, whose writings were formerly 

 n Latin, and who supposed the year to commence in March, on which 

 supposition the names are right, September being the seventh, October 

 the eighth, Ac., when March is the first. The legal year in England 

 was not made to commence on the 1st of January till the alteration of 

 the style in 1752. 



Other appellations were given to this month under some of the 

 Roman emperors. The Saxons called it (jcritmunath, or barley-month, 

 gent being the original Saxon name for barley, which was the chief 

 grain cultivated by the Saxons, and commonly harvested in this 

 month. 



SEPTUAOESIMA. [SEXAOESIMA.] 



SKIT! 'AC I NT, or THE ALEXANDRINE VERSION OF THE 

 OLD TESTAMENT, the most ancient translation of any part of the 

 Scriptures. It is in the Greek language. The account of its origin 

 is given in a letter ascribed to Aristeas, an officer at the court of 

 Ptolemy Philadelphus, and repeated by Josephus (' Antiq.,\xii., c. 2) and 

 Eusebius 'Pnepar.', Evang. viii., c. 2-5. [ABISTKAS, in Bioo. Div.] 



Philo says that the Septuagint was translated from the Chaldaic, by 

 which he means the Hebrew Scriptures as they existed after the 

 Captivity. But from certain points of resemblance between the 

 Septuagint and the Samaritan Pentateuch, many eminent critics have 

 concluded that the former was translated from the latter, and not from 

 the Hebrew. It is, however, quite incredible that, if this had been 

 the case, the Septuagint should have been, aa it was, universally 

 received by the Jews. 



The character of the version varies greatly. By far the best part 

 is the version of the Pentateuch, which was evidently made by a man 

 well acquainted with both Hebrew and Greek. Next in value is the 

 book of Proverbs, which is for the most part very accurate, and dis- 

 plays much poetical taste. The translation of Ecelesiastes is too literal. 

 The books of Judges, Ruth, Samuel, and Kings appear to have been 

 translated by the same author, and do not contain so many Hebraisms 

 at other parts of the version. In the book of Job many Interpolations 

 are made in the narrative, and there are considerable omissions in the 

 poetical parts. The book of Esther, and the Psalms and Prophets, 

 appear to have been translated between 180 and 170 B.C , but in a very 

 inferior manner : indeed a great part of the version of the Psalms is 

 quite unintelligible. Jeremiah is the best translated of the prophets ; 

 next come Amos and Ezekiel. The version of Isaiah, which Lowth 

 places 100 years later than that of the Pentateuch, is the worst of all, 

 except that of Daniel, which differs so much from the Hebrew, that 

 the early Christians rejected it altogether, and substituted the version 

 by Theodotion in its place. The Septuagint contains also the apo- 

 cryphal books of the Old Testament. [APOCRYPHA.] 



The Septuagint was used not only by the Hellenistic Jews, but by 

 all Jews who understood Greek; and even some of the Talni\idi<N 

 mention it with praise. It in constantly quoted by Josephus, and very 

 frequently by the writers of the New Testament. 



Boon after the Christian era, however, wo find the opinion of the 

 Jews respecting it very much altered, probably in consequence of the 

 on made of it against them by the Christians. They went so for as 

 to institute a solemn feast on Uio 8th of the month Thcbct (December) 



to execrate the memory of its having been made, and afterwards a 

 new venion, that of Aquila, was made for the express .purpose of 

 seding the use of the Septuagint in the synagogues. [Aqrn.s. in 

 Bioo. Dtv.] The fathers of the Greek church always quote the 

 Septuagint. All the early versions, except the Syriac, were made from 

 it. And thus, through the Vulgate, it was used in the Latin as well 

 as in the ( ! reek church. It* text having become corrupted by f r. 

 transcri|ition, Origen undertook to revise it, and produced his cele- 

 brated ' Hexapla.' [OnioKHls, in Bioo. Div.] 



At the end of the 3rd and the beginning of the 4th centuries, three 

 recensions of the text of the Septuagint were produced. The first was 

 undertaken by Lucian, a presbyter of Antioch, who suffered martyrdom 

 A.D. 811. This edition was conformed to the Hebrew text, and was 

 received in the churches from Antioch to Constantinople. The second 

 was edited at the same time by Hewychiua, an Egyptian bishop. It H 

 not known whether he followed the Hebrew text or ancient umnu 

 of the Septuagiut ; but his alterations appear to have been fewer than 

 those of Lucian. His edition was received by the churches < . : 

 is cited by Jerome as the ' Exemplar Alexandrinum.' The thn 

 transcribed by Eusebius and Pamphilus from the text in the Hexapla, 

 with the whole of Origen's critical marks. In process of tim> 

 marks became so altered by frequent transcription, that they v. 

 length altogether omitted, so that it is now impossible to distinguish 

 Origen's emendations from the original text. This edition was n 

 by the churches of Palestine, and had a place in all libraries. All 

 the subsequent editions of the Septuagint are founded upon these three 

 recensions. 



There have been many modern editions of the Septuagint ; the 

 earliest is the Complutension in 1514-1517. 



For an account of the other Greek versions of the Old Testament, 

 see AQUILA; STMMACHI'S; THEODOTION, in Bioo. Div. (The 'Intro- 

 ductions ' of Home and Jahn, and the authorities quoted by them.) 



SKQUESTRATION. [BENEFICE.] 



SEQUESTRATION is a process by which the revenues of an eccle- 

 siastical benefice are received and applied by persons other than the 

 incumbent of it. It issues immediately from the bishop in all cases, 

 but it may be founded upon proceedings commenced either in his own 

 court or in the temporal courts. It is a mandate, in the nature of a 

 warrant, addressed by the- bishop to the parties who are to execute it. 

 These are called sequestrators, and in general are the churchwardens 

 of the parish. So far as regards their duties under the sequestration, 

 they are a kind of bailiffs. They collect the fruits of the benefit 

 apply them according to the directions they receive in each case. 



The occasions on which a sequestration is founded on proceedings 

 in the court of the bishop are various. There may be a sequestration 

 where a living is vacant by death ; in order to provide for the ex- 

 penses of supplying the cure, and to preserve the surplus for the 

 successor. Where the title to a living is in dispute, a sequestration 

 may issue under which some third party collects the fruits, and, after 

 defraying the salary of the curate and other necessary expenses of the 

 benefice, retains the surplus for the party who may appear to be law- 

 fully entitled. There are many occasions also where the bishop acting 

 judicially may sequester a living, as where the parsonage-house is in 

 decay, and the incumbent, after due admonition, which may be made 

 by the archdeacon, fails for a period of two months to repair it. Tim 

 payment of a curate's salary may also be enforced by sequestration. 



Sequestrations founded on proceedings in the temporal courts occur 

 under the following circumstances: The sheriff, the ordinal \ 

 terial officer of those courts, has no power to interfere with ei 

 astical revenues. When a judgment therefore has been obtained 

 against a beneficed clergyman, and execution has issued upon it, and 

 the clergyman has no lay property upon which the sheriff can levy, he 

 makes a return that the defendant is a beneficed clerk having no lay 

 tVr within his bailiwick. The plaintiff may then sue out a writ ad- 

 dressed to the bishop, directing him to levy the amount upon the 

 clergyman's ecclesiastical goods. The bishop upon this issues a seques- 

 tration, directing the sequestrators to levy the debt upon the profits 

 of the benefice ; or the plaintiff may sue out a sequestrari facia.*, 

 addressed to the bishop. The bishop, under these cireumstan 

 said to be a kind of ecclesiastical sheriff; and the temporal courts, in 

 so far as relates to his duties as such ministerial officer, have the same 

 power over him as theyhove over the sheriff, and his duties are ana- 

 logous. [SIIKKIFF.] The sequestration ought to be forthwith pub- 

 lished by reading it in church during divine service, and aftn 

 at the church-door. The party obtaining it may, on giving prop, r 

 security, name his own sequestrators. Under either of th.>>. 

 the plaintifl' is entitled to the growing profits, until thn \\!IM] 

 endorsed upon it is satisfied, even although this should not occur till 

 after the time at which the writ is returnable. The necessary ex j 

 of the sequestration, &c., are also leviable under the writ. The lands 

 are bound from the time of the delivery of it to the bishop. 



Sequestration in chancery is a "writ issuing out of the court, 

 directed to four or more commissioner* :ig them to end r 



into a defendant's real estates, and to sequester into their own IK; 

 only the rents thereof, but also all his goods, chattels, and personal 

 estate whatsoever, to keep the same until the defendant has fully 

 answered his contempt." It issues upon the occasion of their ( ,.1,1 

 mitting a contempt against the court, by keeping out of the way of 



