siX.M'iil.IXK. 



SINK AM> CS INK. 



ad black mustard. Both are annual*, the Utter extrni vely cultivated 

 in Yorkshire ami Durham. Of the former the seed* ar* large, uix.tli, 

 not reined or reticulated, and when bruised ami mixed with water, du 

 not evolve a pungent odour. The integument or akin u abw thin, and 

 the quantity of fixed oil obtained from it u lees than from that l th.- 

 black utiutard. White mustard i of alight colour externally (but .me 

 variety U blackish), and when reduced to powder, in of a light yellow 

 colour. 



The wed* of black murtard are about the size of the head of n 

 common pin. orato-globose, of a rcdduh-brown, beautifully veined, 

 internally yellow, oily, and yielding a ) ellowish-green powder. The 

 chemical constitution of the two U essentially different, u it in only 

 the black mustard which evolves, when bruised and mixed with water, 

 the pungent principle which irritate* the eyas, nostrils, and tikin. The 

 white mustard possesses a non-volatile acrid principle, which is 

 developed by the addition of water ; also a peculiar principle, sulpho- 

 sinapism. It is the young plants from this species which are eaten 

 with ems as a salad. 



The fixed oil is perfectly bland, like that of olive or rape, which lost 

 it greatly resembles. It exists to the extent of 20 per cent in white, 

 and about 28 per cent, in black mustard-seed. To obtain it the seeds 

 are crushed in a mill or between rollers, and the skins should In- 

 subjected to prcMure an well as the farina or flour. The cake may 

 then be sifted and reduced to a fine powder, as it retains all the 

 pungent properties. In France the oil is -generally left in the seeds, 

 which renders them very difficult to powder, and makes it expensive. 

 It is also leas potent than English mustard in equivalent quantity. 

 The marc or cake is sometimes used as manure, but this is a waste. 

 It has been supposed to be anthelmintic as well as purgative, but iU 

 medicinal properties are insignificant. 



Pure flour of mustard ought alone to be used for medical purposes, 

 but it is seldom to be met with ; the mustard of the shops ia a mixture 

 of the flour of both black and white mustard with wheat flour and 

 capsicum. 



Flour of mustard, mixed with water, forms the well-known condi- 

 ment so much used with all the more indigestible articles of food, the 

 solution of which it seems to favour by rousing the powers of the 

 stomach. A tea or table-spoonful of mustard in a tumbler of water 

 forms a ready and useful emetic in many cases of poisoning, especially 

 when narcotic poisons have been token ; also in cholera. Added to foot- 

 baths, mustard has a revulsive action, which in often serviceable in the 

 commencement of colds, and when gout has seized the stomach or 

 brain ; also when cutaneous diseases have suddenly receded. (RuBE- 

 JACIESTS.) 



Sinapism* are generally directed to be mode with vinegar, but 

 water of the temperature of about 100 Fahr. is preferable, and less 

 expensive. French mustard for the table is often prepared with 

 vinegar. 



>'. injro differ* from the white mustard in the flowers being much 

 smaller, and in the seeds being black. The great purpose for which 

 the black mustard is grown is for the seeds. " To raise the seed for 

 flour of mustard and other officinal occasions, sow either in March 

 or April in an open compartment, or large sowings in fields, where 

 designed for public supply. How moderately thick, either in drills 

 six or twelve inches asunder, or broad-cost, after the ground has 

 been properly ploughed and harrowed, and rake or barrow in the 

 eed. When the plants are two or three inches high, hoe or thin them 

 moderately where too thick, and clear them from weeds. They will 

 oon run up to stalks, and in July, August, or September return a crop 

 of seed ripe for gathering ; being tied up in sheaves and left three or 

 four days on the stubble." (Don's Miller.) Rain damages the crop very 

 much. Black mustard exhausts the soil rapidly. When once grown 

 it is difficult to extirpate on account of the great vitality of the seeds, 

 which, if buried at almost any depth and fur any length of time, will 

 germinate when brought to the surface. In preparing the flour of 

 mustard in this country, the black husk of the seed is separated by 

 delicate sifting. This process, which is not gone through on the 

 Continent, makes the British mustard so much lighter and more 

 agreeable in colour. 



NINAPOLINE. [MUSTARD, OIL or.] 



SIXDOC, or SINTOC (a word not to be confounded with Sind- 

 hooka, or Sinduya, the Indian name of the Vitex Ntgunda), is the bark 

 of a species of cinnamomum (C. iint-c, Bliime), a native of the forests 

 of Java, It greatly resembles the bark of Cinimmomum culilawan, 

 Illume, and partakes of the qualities of Ceylon cinnamon in a very 

 inferior degree. The bark is in thick flat pieces, not in thin quill-like 

 pipes. It* oil is like that of cassia. The hark is used as a spice ; the 

 oil as a medicine and perfume by the natives. It is seldom brought to 

 Europe in any shape. 



SINE and COSINE. We separate from the article TBIOONOMKTBY 

 the mere description and properties of these fundamental terms, which, 

 though originally derived from simple trigonometry, are now among 

 the mast useful foundations of mathematical expression. For what we 

 have to say on their history, we refer to the article just cited. 



According to the ancient system of trigonometry, the sine and 

 cosine are only names given to the absciwa and ordinate of a point, not 

 with reference to the pooition of that point in Hpace, but to the radius 

 vector of that point and its angle. Thus, measuring angles from the 



line OR, and in the direction of the arrow, the angle xop has an infinite 

 number of sines and cosines. With reference to the ratlin* O r. 



the sine and o the cosine of ^ nor; but with reference to the radius 

 OQ,C|R is the sine and o n the coeine. The fundauient.il ;. iiti-u 



(sine fl) 3 -I- (cosine 0)' - (radius) 1 



is obvious enough. 



The student always began trigonometry witli this multiplicity of 

 definitions, and with the idea of some particular radin cssary 



to the complete definition of the sine and cosine. But as he proceeded, 

 he was always taught to suppose the radius a unit; that is, always to 

 adopt that line as a radius which was agreed upon to be represented 

 by 1. Hence he gradually learned to forget his first definition; and, 

 paging from geometry to arithmetic, to use the following : r o being 

 unity, the sine of sol 1 is PN. which is therefore in arithmetic the 

 fraction which PN is of P o ; and the cosine is the fraction which o N is 

 of p o. If q o had been used as a unit, the result would have been the 

 some ; for by similar triangles, n q is the same fraction of q o which 

 HP is of ro. 



In the most modern trigonometry, and for cogent reasons, the student 

 is never for a moment allowed to imagine that the sine and cosine are 

 in any manner representatives of lines. In a practical point of view, 

 the final definition of the old trigonometry coincides exactly with that 

 of the new; but the latter has this advantage, that all subsequent 

 geometrical formula; are seen to be homogeneous in a much more 

 distinct manner. The definition is this: The sine of SOP is n 

 nor any number to represent N p ; it is the fraction which N P is of r o, 

 considered as an abstract number. Thus if o N, N p, PO, be in the pro- 

 portion of 3, 4, and 5, PN is} of op: this is the cine of Mir. n..t 

 \ of any line, nor any line considered as ij of a unit ; but simply ?, four- 

 fifths of on abstract unit. Similarly the cosine is the fraction which 

 ON is of OP. In just the same manner the abstract number r, or 

 3'14159 . . ., is not styled (as it used to be) the circumference of a 

 circle whose diameter U a unit, but the proportion of the circumference 

 to the diameter, the number of times which any circumference contains 

 its diameter. We cannot too strongly recommend the universal 

 adoption of this change of style, a slight matter with reference to mere 

 calculation of results, but one of considerable importance to a correct 

 understanding of the meaning of formula;. 



The line o P being considered as positive [Sn;x], the signs of p N .-mil. 

 NO determine those of the sine and cosine; and the manner in which 

 the values of these functions are determined when the angle is nothing, 

 or one, two, or three right angles, is easy enough. The following short 

 table embraces all the results of sign : 



I II III IV 



Sine + 1 + I 

 Cosine 1 +010 + 1. 



Read this as follows: When the angle =0, the sine =(); from 

 thence to a right angle the sine is positive : at the right angle the sine 

 U + 1 ; from thence to two right angles the sine is positive, &c. 



The fundamental theorems of the sine and cosine, from wlil-h ,dl 

 their properties may be derived, are, 



sin (a + b) = sin a cos 6 + cos a sin b 

 sin (o 4) = sin o coa 6 cos a sin b 

 cos (a + b) = cos a cos 6 sin a sin 4 

 cos (a 4) = cos a cos 4 + sin a sin 4 



all which theorems are in fact contained in any one of them, i 



as that one is shown to be universally true. It frequently happens 



however that the student is allowed to assume the universal truth of 



thede theorems upon too slight a foundation of previous proof : draw- 

 ing a figure for instance in which both angles are less than a right 



