

.*(.! 'Til KKXSIXC.TON MUSEUM. 



REIGNTY. 



the School* 'of Design, exhibited to the public in a suite of roonu 

 appropriated to the purpose in Mrl borough House. The Miueiini of 

 UrnaiurntM Art thus formed, was in the following years considerably 

 increased by the purchase of the collection of porcelain and pottery of 

 Mr. Bandinell, and by extensive purchases nude at the Bernal sale. 

 In 1857 the museum, which bad been placed tinder the Department of 

 Science and Art [ScHWCK ASD ART, DEPARTMENT or], wm removal i,, 

 the iron building erected by the Commissioners of the Exhibition of 

 1851, on the ground purchased by them at South Kensington. The 

 Muwum of Ornamental Art has since been very largely increased, and 

 other collection* have been added to it, and the whole has been im-or- 

 porated into what is officially designated the South Kensington 

 Muwum of .Science and Art ; building* of a permanent character 

 having been at different times added to the original iron structure to 

 meet the growing requirement* of the case. 



As at present constituted, the South Kensington Museum consists 

 <>f three <lii>tiiirt divisions; those, namely, of Ornamental Art; of 

 Fine Art ; and of Science. In the Companion to the Almanac for 1861 

 is given a full analysis of the Museum, to which we refer for further 

 detail*, contenting ourselves with giving here a brief statement of its 

 general character. 



The itiutum of Onuimnfal Art, as it formed the foundation, may 

 till be regarded as the distinctive feature, of the South Kensington 

 Museum. Although intended primarily to aid the School* of Design, 

 and to improve the manufacture* of the country, it has of bite years, 

 in a great measure, to use the words of its director, " settled itself into 

 Mediaeval Art," or rather the art of the mediaeval and renaissance 

 periods. Within these limit* it is, however, very comprehensive in its 

 range, and articles have been sought out for purchase with great 

 industry and judgment. The Museum of Ornamental Art i* arranged 

 in eighteen classes: (1) Sculpture, in which are many exquisite 

 specimens of Italian architectural sculpture of the renaissance period, 

 carvings in wood, ivory, bone, Ac., including some admirable works by 

 Fiammingo, with some important examples of artists of an earlier 

 period ; bronzes and terra-cottas and models, among which are some 

 by Michel Angelo. (2) Glyptic and Numismatic Art, including gems, 

 medals, and seals. (3) Mosaics, Marquetry, &c. (4) Painting, almost 

 exclusively of a decorative character. (5) Japanned or Lacquered 

 \\Yrk. (6) Glass Painting comprising Italian, German, and Flemish 

 example* from the 13th century to the decline of the art, with a few 

 of recent execution. (7) Knamels on Metal, an extremely choice and 

 valuable collection, especially rich in early German champlevd works, 

 and the much-prized Limoges enamels, and including also some inte- 

 resting specimens of modern Indian and Chinese work. (8) Pottery, 

 as a whole, one of the finest collections in Europe, including a few 

 examples of Egyptian, Greek, Etruscan, and other antique ware ; 

 HUpano-Moresco ware ; early Italian enamelled and incised ware ; an 

 almost matchless collection of Gubbio and other lustred wares, and 

 Majolica of the various Italian manufactories ; modern reproductions ; 

 Persian painted ware ; Morocco enamelled earthenware ; Palissy, 

 Never*, and other French glazed and enamelled earthenware ; Delft, 

 old German, Dutch, and Flemish stoneware; old Saxon red stone- 

 ware; Hindoo and other Oriental earthenware; Oriental porcelain 

 (China and Japan) ; Dresden and other German porcelain ; old Sevres; 

 modern Sevres; French porcelain of various manufactories; Italian, 

 Dutch, Spanish, and Portuguese, Swiss, Danish, and Russian 18th 

 century porcelain ; old English earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain, 

 Ac., of all the principal varieties (including a fine collection of old 

 Wedgwood), and English and Foreign modern porcelain, earthenware, 

 biscuit, Parian, Ac. (9) Glass Manufactures, including a very choice 

 selection of old Venetian, German, and French glass, and a few 

 examples of modern glars, chiefly French and English. (10) Works in 

 Metal, comprising wrought-iron coffers, Ac. ; lock/smith's work ; instru- 

 ment* ; knives, forks, spoons, &c. ; firedogs and stoves ; candlesticks, 

 chandeliers, Ac.; antique Greek and Koman ornamental bronzes; 

 Oriental bronze vessel* ; metal household utensils ; mediicval ecclesi- 

 astical utensils ; modern bronze vessels ; goldsmiths' work both ancient 

 and modern; damascene work; nielli. (11) Watch and Clock Work. 

 (12) Jewellery and personal ornaments in the precious metals, ancient, 

 mediaeval, modern, and Oriental. (13) Arms, Armour, and Accoutre- 

 ments. (14) Furniture, Upholstery, Ac., including a singularly interest- 

 ing variety of old Italian cassone or marriage chests, carved cabinets, 

 mirror*, Ac. (16) Leather Work. (16) Basket Work. (17) Textile 

 Fabric*, a* might be anticipated in a British Museum of Ornamental 

 Art, the most extensive collection of the kind extant. (18) Bookbind- 

 ing and Book Decoration generally. 



The Pine Art* Dinritm comprise* the Sheepshank*' collection of 234 

 modern oil paintings ; a small collection of drawing* and sketches also 

 presented to the nation by Mr. Sheep*bank* ; and a collection of 60 

 water-colour paintings, the gift of Mr*. Ellison of Sudbrooke, to whi< 'h 

 other drawing* have been added by purchase : these collections are 

 more particularly noticed under NATIONAL GAM i in . 



The Sriinee Diritim consists of 1. An Educational Collection, in 

 which are brought together, models of schools, school-fittings, school- 

 book* (and a reading-room, in which to examine them) maps and 

 diagrams, philosophical instruments, Ac., in fact, as far as practicable, 

 whatever may serve to guide or assist those engaged in teaching. 

 2. Collection of Animal Products. 3. Food Collections in which are 



shown the chemical compositions of the various substance* used as 

 food. 4. Structural Museum, in which are collected the materials 

 employed in building, Ac. 



These form the Museum proper ; but to them are to be added other 

 collections which are placed hi the same building, though they do not 

 belong to the Department of Science and Art. They consist of the 

 pictures belonging to the National Gallery, which are placed 

 here temporarily [NATIONAL GALLERY] : collections of architectural 

 casts belonging to the Architectural Museum Association and the 

 Royal Academy ; a small collection of modern sculpture, chiefly casts, 

 and the Patent Museum belonging to the Commissioners of 1 'steals. 

 < Yrt-iin rooms are also set apart for the reception for a limited time of 

 choice collections of articles of ornamental art belonging to priv.itr 

 individuals; and there are now usually five or six of these "Loan 

 Collections " on view here at one time, containing commonly many 

 specimens of great interest and value. 



The total cost of the South Kensington Museum up to July 1860, 

 was 167,001V., including everything except management, the annual 

 expenditure on which is about 7000/. Of the above sum the lanu cost 

 60.000/., the buildings 54,536/., the collections 53.26H/. The value of 

 the private gifts to the Museum, including the Sheepshanks and 

 Ellison collections of paintings, is estimated by the director at upwards 

 of 88,000?. The permanent buildings which have been erected are 

 intended to form part of a spacious structure which is to cover an 

 area of above ten acres, and to supply all the requirements of the 

 Department at South Kensington. xn ART, DKI'ARTMKNT 



OF.] In its main features the building is intended to consist of a 

 centre and two great projecting wings, the fronts of which are to be 

 connected by an open corridor. In the centre will be the Lecture 

 Theatre, Art Training Schools, Ac. The eastern wing will be appro- 

 priated to the Art-collections; the western to the Educational col- 

 lections, Art-Library, offices, residences, Ac. The extreme length 

 (facing Cromwell Road) will exceed 700 feet; the extreme depth (or 

 western facade) 650 feet, but the site is very irregular. The design is 

 by Captain Fowke, the official architect and engineer to the Museum ; 

 the total cost is estimated at 214,000/., but at present only the eastern 

 wing is in course of erection. 



All the collections are open free to the public on Mondays, Tuesdays, 

 and Saturdays in each week; on the other days (being "student*. 

 days") the public are admitted on payment of 6rf. each person. The 

 collections are also opened to the public free on the first two evenings 

 of the week an innovation which has proved exceedingly popular. 

 To the Art Library a very excellent one though formed primarily 

 for the students, any person is admitted on payment of a trifling fee. 



SOVEREIGN. [MONEY.] 



SOVEREIGNTY. Suprantu is a low Latin word, formed from 

 supra, like sublranus, another low Latin word, formed from tuhlra, 

 (Ducange in vv.) These words, however, though they do not belong 

 to classical Latinity, are formed according to the same analog}- as the 

 classical word tupernui from super. From suprcMut have been derived 

 the Italian loprano or sovrano, and the French tonrerain, from the 

 latter of which has been borrowed the English word tm-ercign. In the 

 old English writers the word is correctly spelt tortrain or tovertin 

 (Richardson t'n v.) ; the received orthography seems to be founded on 

 the erroneous supposition that the last syllable of the word is connected 

 with reign, regnum. Milton spells the word tovran, deriving it from 

 the Italian ; but it passed into our language from the French. 



Having explained the etymology of the word earercign, with its 

 derivative, tmerciynty , we proceed to consider the meaning of the term 

 sovereignty as it is understood by political and juridical writers. 



In every society not being in a state of nature or a state of anarchy 

 [ANARCHY ; SOCIAL CONTRACT], some person or persons must possess 

 the supreme or sovereign power. 



The marks by which the possession of the sovereign power may be 

 distinguished are mainly two, the one positive and the other negative ; 

 namely: 



1. A habit of obedience to some determinate person or persons, by 

 the community which he or they assume to goveni. 



2. The absence of a habit of obedience, on the part of the game 

 person or persons, to any person or government. 



Whenever these two marks meet in any person or body of persons, 

 such person or body possesses the sovereign power ; on the other hand, 

 if either of the two marks be wanting, the person or body is not sove- 

 reign. For example, the local government of Jamaica or Canada, being 

 in the habit of obeying the English parliament, is not a sovereign or 

 supreme government ; whereas the governments of the smaller Ger- 

 man state*, although they may occasionally defer to the wishes of 

 Austria or Prussia, are not in a habit of obedience to these or any 

 other states, and therefore are sovereign governments. Again, a body of 

 persons calling themselves a government, but unable, through their 

 weakness, to secure the habitual obedience of the people, are not 

 sovereign, and would not be recognised as a sovereign government by 

 foreign states. 



Inasmuch as it is impossible to fix the precise moment at which a 

 habit of obedience to a foreign government ceases, it is difficult for 

 foreign states to determine when they will recognise the sovereignty 

 of a territory, once dependent, which has achieved its independence. 



The sovereign powers include all the powers which can be exercised 



