71* 



MARYLAXDICA. 



720 



smith distance. It fortunately hapjiens that 58"'4, the number of 

 Mooocl) in the refraction at 45*, nearly corresponds with the number of 

 minute* in the mean horizontal parallax. The nine diagram does 

 therefore for both parallax and refraction, substituting seconds for 

 minutes. 



In the following figure (6), therefore, c A, or c x, or c D = moon a 

 horizontal trllT ; M c 8 = apparent distance between the sun and 

 moon, M being the moon's place in the figure and s the sun's ; or the 

 arc M 8 = apparent distance. M E = the moon's zenith distance, or, as 

 every part of the small parallel of altitude, r E, is equally distant from 

 M, c B on the line of sines will equal the moon's altitude. 



And again, ST will be the sun's r.onith distance, and therefore CK on 

 the line of sines will equal the sun's altitude, A D being the moon's 

 horizon and A r the sun's ; n r. will bo the moon's parallax in altitude ; 

 Fig. 6. ris- 7. 



and u E : c D : : cos. E D : radius, or the moon's parallax in altitude = 

 h r. pax. x cos. moon's alt. 



radius 



And in the orthographic projection of the lunar triangle M 8 z on a 

 scale where radius is = moon's hor. parallax, or c D, the angle M is the 

 angle at the moon corresponding with the angle c in the usual lunar 

 construction, as in Jiy. 7 ; and c N (the distance of the orthographic 

 great circle M M passing through z, where the sun's and moon's horizons 

 coincide) is the cosine of this compared with radius c D. But c D : 



i x : : H K : H z ; or HZ is the correction for parallax = , and is 



radius 



measured from H z by the scale of chords from the nature of the pro- 

 jection. (In Jig. 1, co' : CD : : rad. : cos. c, c c' being the moon's 

 parallax in altitude, and c D the correction for parallax.) In Jig. 6, 

 moreover, M R = tangent of moon's zenith distance, in seconds for alt. 

 45' ; X P, correction for moon's refraction in seconds ; s V = correction 

 for sun's refraction in seconds. Such being the principles on which 

 this part of the spherograph is constructed, the following is the form 

 of each of the parts :- The under sphere has its line M c crossed by 

 parallel circles drawn to the scale of sines, or on the orthographic 

 projection ; these are again crossed by lines parallel to M c, CD being 

 divided into 60 parts by the line of chords (being very nearly 58"'4 of 

 refraction at 45, as above). 



The practical use of the spherograph in correcting a lunar distance 

 may be thus briefly illustrated : suppose, for example, the apparent 

 distance given = 72", the moon's altitude =26", the sun's altitude = 32, 

 and the reduced horizontal parallax = 59'. Moving the circles concen- 

 trically until M and 8 are moved 72 apart in jig. 6; = the apparent 

 distance, wEere the two horizons A D and o T cut each other, will give 

 a point which, counting the vertical lines from M c, each will be one 

 minute of correction (as read upon c D) ; this correction, multiplied by 

 a number taken from a small table printed on the back of the instru- 

 ment, gives at once a correction for the distance, thus : 



The number rod on c i> - 

 The tabular multiplier = 



The apparent dintaneo . . , 

 Sura of correction! (ubtrnctirc) . 



True distance, by tpbcroirraph . , 

 Elaborate logarithm calculation giro 



.0;2 



3808 

 1904 



29-818 = 22' 51" 



.72 0' 0" 

 22 51 



, 71 87 

 71 S7 



1" error. 



When the intersection of the horizons falls on the right of M c, 

 the correction is subtractive ; when to the left, it in additive. The 

 spherograph is especially useful to check observations when worked out 

 by logarithms, and imparts confidence to a navigator. A little work 

 published by Longman and Co., called ' Calculation and Projection of 

 the Sphere/ plainly illustrates the general mode of spheric con 



SPHEROID, a name given to the class of surfaces which are furmeti 



by the revolution of an ellipse about either its longest or shortest 

 diameter. When the longer diameter U the axis, the spheroid is 

 called prolalt; when the shorter, oblate. The earth is an oblate 

 spheroid, or very near indeed to such a figure : hence the oblate 

 spheroid is of much more importance than the prolate one. The 

 general properties of the spheroid are either those which belong to it 

 as particular cases of SURFACES or THE SECOVD DEGREE, or those 

 which are useful in geodesy, and which belong more to the generating 

 ellipse than to the surface. 



.SPHEROIDAL CONDITION OF LIQUIDS. [Enri.i.iTiox.] 

 SPHINX. The name applied in glyptic art to the combinations of 

 lions' bodies with other forms ; that with a human head being called 

 androsphinx, with a nun's criosphinx, and with a hawk's hierocosphinx. 

 They appear to have been derived from Egypt, where they were 

 sculptured as symbolical representations of kings and queens, and they 

 expressed in the hieroglyphic texts the idea of nelt lord, or atar 

 victory, or the sun on the horizon. In Egyptian art they are repre- 

 sented couchant, with a human head, the portrait of the monarch they 

 >ersonify ; and recent excavations at TanU have shown that they are 

 is old as the 1 7th dynasty of Shepherds, the king Apcpa or Aphophis 

 jeing thus represented. In Egyptian art they are rarely winged, the 

 only example being the sphinx of the queen Mutnemt at Turin; 

 Thothmes III. and other monarchs, even the young Alexander and 

 Ptolemies are personified as sphinxes, and there are some small sphinxes 

 n European collections, as one in the Louvre, at Paris, of Hameses II., 

 23 feet long, of a block of red syenite, and a black granite sphinx of 

 Amenophis 111. at St. Petersburg; but the largest is that at Gizeh, of 

 143 feet long and 62 feet high, cut out of the solid rock, and lying 

 about 1960 feet cost of the second pyramid. This was called 

 Har-ma-khu, or Harmakhis, " Horus on the Horizon," and adored as a 

 (jod by Thothmes IV. and Ramescs IL It was approached by a stair- 

 case and surrounded by a kind of peribolos, having a temple of 

 alabaster and granite attached to it, in which was a well filled with 

 S'ile water, into which had been thrown seven statues of green and 

 yellow breccia of the monarch Sbafra, or Kephren, the builder of 

 the second pyramid. Winged sphinxes are often seen in Assyrian and 

 Babylonian art, and seem to represent deities or monarchs under this 

 form. 



The few remains of Phoenician art show that this people had 

 adopted the form of the sphinx, probably from Egyptian sources, and 

 the Etruscans seem to have derived the same from their oriental con- 

 nection, their early works of art being often decorated with repre- 

 sentations of this monster. The same may be also said of the Greeks 

 and other" cognate races, winged sphinxes being a common type in 

 Greece, Lycia, and other localities. At the earliest period of art 

 sphinxes have recurved wings, but on some later monuments they 

 are unwinged. They have the face and breasts of a beautiful but 

 cruel female, the body of a lioness, and sometimes the tail of a dragon. 

 According to the earliest myths, the Sphinx was the daughter of 

 Typhon and Echidna, Orthus or Typhon and Chimsera, and being 

 sent by Juno to punish the Thebans, proposed a fatal riddle or 

 enigma which was solved by CEdipus, and the Sphinx destroyed. 

 Sphinxes are also found in India as the ornaments of temples. 



(Mariette, Aug., Revue Arclieologique, 1860, p. 18-20, 1861, p. 20; 

 Birch, Mia. Class. Antiq. II. p. 27; Vyse, Pyramid*, III. p. 107; 

 Letronne, Inter, dree. ii. 460-461 ; Chanipollion, Lett, d M. le Due de 

 Elacas, 8vo. Paris, 1824; Layard, Nineveh; Winckelmann, Werke ; 

 Voss, Myth. r. ii. p. 22 ; Miiller, Arch, d. Kunsl, p. 700.) 



SPIGELIA MARYLANDICA, Carolina pink, perennial worm-grass, 

 or worm-seed; a perennial herbaceous plant, native of the southern 

 states of the American Union. It is from six inches to two feet high, 

 leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, and acuminate. The root has a short 

 caudex, from which issue numerous fibres ; all which parts are of a 

 yellowish colour when first dug up, but become black on drying. It 

 is collected by the Indians, and sold to the white traders, who pack it 

 in casks, or make it up into bales, weighing from three hundred to 

 three hundred and fifty pounds. The odour of the fresh plant is 

 disagreeable, the taste sweetish, slightly bitter, and nauseous. The 

 leaves are less potent than the root, which part consists of woody 

 fibre 82, a peculiar principle like tannin 10 ; bitter acrid extractive 

 4 ; and an acrid resin ; also a fixed and a volatile oil. Both the 

 resin and extractive have emetic properties. Spigclia has slight narcotic 

 powers, and in large doses causes vomiting and purging. In America 

 the fresh plant has decided anthclmiutic virtues, but it is only useful 

 against the Ascaris lumlirlcoida, or large round worm. In Europe lit 

 is little used, having lost much of its power by long keeping. Dr. 

 Barton recommends it as a cure for the infantile remittent fever, 

 which often terminates in hydrocephalus, or water in the head. In 

 such a case it acts beneficially by removing the wonns, the irritation 

 of which, when propagated to the brain, gives rise to the more serious 

 disease. But the expulsion of the worms by any other means, and the 

 exhibition of any tonic and astringent, like the tannin of the Spigelia, 

 will prevent their recurrence. [ANTHKI.MINTR-S.] 



Spigelia is given in powder, or as an infusion or decoction. It is 

 usually combined with senna or some otlr < , but it is better 



to give it alone, and follow its administration by a dose of calomel and 

 jalap. 



The ftjivjclift A nthclmia, a native of Brazil, which is a. much more 



