8TADTHOLDER. 



>T.\FF, MILITARY. 



We%hto and Money,' represents the supposed TirieUes of the Greek 

 tedium: 



Tib. Ft. Inch. 

 Sttd u-ifnril to Arttollc' mMraniuent of th 



rwth 1 . urf. ) 1 1-J6M1 



Mean foffraphic*l nudr, computed by M>jor 



H.na.11 1CS 1 6 



Olympic Hade lOt 9 



SUilcofTJ to the Roman mil* . . . . 1S 1 2-4 



Sudo of 7 to the Roman mile . . . . 131 4-124 



2. The race-course for foot-races at Olympia was called stadium, a < 

 bore mentioned, and the Mine name wan applied to all other such 

 course*. 



The stadium consisted of a flat area, mirroumted by raised seats, and 

 was made either in a spot which had by nature the required shape, or 

 in the side of a hill, or on a plain. In the last two cases the stadium 

 was constructed by forming a mound of earth of the proper shape, and 

 covering it with stone or marble for the seats. The second of these 

 three forms was the most common. Of the third we hare a fine 

 example in the Panathenaic Stadium at Athens. The area of the 

 stadium was oblong, terminating at one end in a semicircle. At the 

 other end it was bounded by a wall, at the two extremities of which 

 were the entrances, one on each side of the stadium. Here was the 

 starting-place (tQura, -ypu/trf, &nrAr){, or 0oA/31s), marked by a square 

 pillar in the middle of the breadth of the area. Another such pillar 

 was placed at the other end of the course, at the distance of a stadium 

 from the former, and at or near the centre of the semicircular end 

 of the area. This pillar marked the termination of the simple foot-race 

 [OLYMPIAD GAMES], but in the Diaulus the runners turned round it and 

 went back to the starting-place ; in the Dolicbus they turned round 

 both pillars several times, according to the number of stadia of which 

 the course consisted. The end of the course was called -ripua, &rH>p, 

 Tf'Aoi, Kunrrfip and riaaa. Halfway between these pillars stood a 

 third. On the pillar at the starting-place was inscribed the word 

 tfttrrtut (fjrcel) ; on the middle one, <rrci/5c (hattrn) ; on the one at the 

 goal, ictu^ar (torn). The semicircular end of the area (irQirSavJi) was 

 thus not used in the foot-race. Here probably the other gymnastic 

 contests took place ; for though the stadium was originally intended 

 only for the foot-race, yet as the other contests came to be added to 

 the games, they also took place in the stadium, except the horse-races, 

 for which a separate course was set apart, shaped like the stadium, but 

 larger : this was called lnr6Spopos. 



Among the seats which surrounded the area, a conspicuous place, 

 opposite to the goal, was set apart for the three Hellanodic.it>, who 

 decided the contests, and who entered the stadium by a secret passage. 

 Opposite to them on the other side of the stadium, was an altar, on 

 which the priestesses of Demeter Chamyne sat to view the games. 

 The area was ornamented with several altars and statues. 



The position of the stadium was sometimes, but not always, in con- 

 nection with the gymnasium. 



Under the Romans many of the Grecian stadia were modified so as 

 to resemble the amphitheatre. 



There still exist considerable ruins of stadia : among the most re- 

 markable of which are those at Delphi, Athens, Messene, Kphesus, and 

 Laodicea. 



(Pausanias, ii. 27, 6 ; vi. 20, 6, 8 ; ix. 28, 1 ; Midler's A rckdologie der 

 Kvntt, sec. 290; Krause, Die Gymnattik and Ayonu/ik der Hellcnen, 

 i.,p. 131,4o.) 



STADTHOLDEK (Statthalter in German, Stadhottder in Dutch) 

 means lieutenant or governor. The appellative Statthalter is used in 

 the cantons of German Switzerland, to denote the civil officer who is 

 next to the landamman or chief magistrate. In the federal republic 

 of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands, the stadhouder was 

 himself the first magistrate or president of the Union. When several 

 of the towns of Holland revolted against the tyranny of the Duke of 

 Alba, the lieutenant of King Philip of Spain, they chose for their 

 governor William, prince of Orange, swearing allegiance to him as the 

 king's stadhouder, thus implying that they had revolted against the 

 Duke of Alba and not against King Philip. But it was not until after 

 the death of William, in 1584, that the three united provinces of 

 Holland, Zealand, and Utrecht agreed to have one stadhouder in 

 common, and appointed to that office Maurice of Nassau, son of the 

 deceased William. (Puffendorf.) From that time the stadhoudership 

 continued in the house of Nassau till the di.i'li .1 William III. in 

 1702, when the male line of William I. becoming extinct, the office 

 remained vacant, and was considered as tacitly abolished. But in 1747, 

 after a struggle between the republican and the Orange parties, the 

 Utter, having triumphed, proclaimed William IV., of a collateral branch 

 i >f the Nassau family, hereditary stadhouder of the Seven United 

 Provinces. His son William V. was expelled by the French in 1 7:'"-. 

 and resigned the stadhoudership by treaty with France in 1802, since 

 which the office has not been revived, the republic of the Netherlands 

 having been transformed into a kingdom. 



STAFF, in Music. The five parallel lines and the four spaces 

 between the lines, on which notes and other musical characters arc 

 placed, are, collectively, called the Staff. 



STAFF, MILITARY. In the British empire this consists, under the 

 sovereign and the general commmding-in-cbief, of those general, field, 



and regimental officers to whom is confided the care of providing the 

 means of rendering the military force of the nation efficient, of main- 

 taining discipline in the army, and regulating the duties in every 

 branch of the sen 



Besides the commander-in-chief, his military secretaries; and aide*- 

 de-camp, the general staff consists of the adjutant and quartermaster- 

 generals, with their respective deputies, assistants, anil deputy-assis- 

 tants, a deputy, assistant, and deputy-assistant adjutant-general for the 

 royal artillery, and n deputy and uaistant-adjutant-general fur tin- 

 royal engineers ; the director-general of the medical aepartmei 

 the chaplain-general of the forces. The staff of the ordnance drp:ut- 



insisted formerly of the master-general and lieutenant- ;_ 

 with their deputies and assistants: the inspector-general of fortifica- 

 tions, and the director-general of artillery, ic. The duties connected 

 with the Ordnance having been transferred to the \V.:i i 

 the office of master-general has been abolished, and the staff made a 

 part of the War Office. The head-quarters for the general stall 

 London. There are also, for the several military districta into \\huh 

 Great Britain is divided, inspecting field-officers, assistant adj 

 general, and majors of brigade, together with the officers attached to 

 the recruiting service. The head-quarters for Scotland are at Edin- 

 burgh. For Ireland, besides the lord-lieutenant and his aides-de-camp, 

 the chiefs of the staff consist of a deputy-adjutant and a deputy- 

 quartermaster-general, with their assistants. Their head-quarters are 

 at Dublin ; and there are, besides, the several officers for the military 

 districts of that part of the empire. Lastly, in each of the colonies 

 there is a staff graduated in accordance with the general staff of the 

 army, and consisting of the general commanding, his aides-de-camp, 

 military secretaries, and majors of brigade, an inspecting field-officer, a 

 deputy-adjutant, and a deputy -quartermaster-general. 



The adjutant-general of the army is charged with the duty of 

 recruiting, clothing, and arming the troops, superintending their 

 discipline, granting leave of absence, and discharging the men 

 the period of their service is expired. To the quartcnnaster-g 

 is confided the duty of regulating the marches of the troops, providing 

 the supplies of provisions, and assigning the quarters, or places of 

 encampment. 



All military commanders of territories or of bodies of troops in 

 Great Britain, Ireland, or in foreign stations, transmit periodically to 

 the adjutant-general of the army circumstantial accounts of the btate 

 of the territory and of the troops which they command ; and the 

 reports are regularly submitted to the general commanding-in-chief. 



The staff of a regiment consists of the adjutant, quartermaster, pay- 

 master, chaplain, and surgeon. 



The first establishment of a permanent military staff ((tat majeur, 

 as it was called) was made in France in 1783, about the conclusion of 

 the Revolutionary war between Great Britain and the United States 

 of America. The officers who held the highest rank in it were con- 

 sidered as assistant-quartermaster-generals, and their deputies as 

 captains. The first duties consisted in collecting the reports, the 

 orders, and instructions which had formerly pawed between tins 

 generals of the French armies and the minister of war, together with 

 the plans of the ground on which the most important 

 taken place ; and from these documents it was i 1 to acquire 



a knowledge of the causes of success orMefeat as far ; -ended 



on the dispositions of the troops and the nature of the ground. The 

 persons who were allowed to enter the department of the <5tat mnjrur 

 were such as, to a knowledge of the general theory of military tactics, 

 added that of topographical surveying, and who were skilful in the art 

 of representing on a plan the features of ground so as to present to 

 the eye at once a view of its capabilities as a military position, and of 

 the facilities which it might afford for the march of troops with their 

 artillery and stores. 



About the year 1800 the British government first forn 

 particular school for the purpose of instructing oflio rs in the art of 

 surveying ground in connection with that part of tact ics which i 

 to the choice of routes and of advantageous positions for troop-. 

 These officers were independent of the master-general of the ordnance, 

 and served under the orders of the quartermaster-general or adjutant- 

 general ; they were called staff-officers, and were selected from the 

 cavalry or infantry after having done duty with a regiment at least 

 four years. They were first employed in Egypt, where they rendered 

 considerable service; and the school was afterwards united to 

 Royal MilitaryJCollege, which had been then recently instituted for the 

 instruction of cadets who were to serve in the cavalry or the infantry of 

 the line. At that institution a limited number of officers, under the. 

 name of the senior department, continue to be instructed in the duties 

 of the staff, and in the sciences connected with the military art. All 

 officers _are now obliged to pass an examination before they can be 

 employed on the staff of the army, and they may either enter the Staff 

 College at Sandhurst by a competitive examination, and remain there 

 for two years, or may qualify for the staff by passing the same 

 examination as is required of the officers at Sandhurst at the end of 

 their course of study. 



During the war in Spain, from 1808 to 1818, the stiff-officers were 

 constantly employed, previously to a march or a retreat, in surveying 

 the country at least one day's journey in front of the army. After the 

 death of the Duke of York, the staff corps ceased to be kept up, and 



