STOCKS. 



STOMACH, DISEASES OF THE. 



sin 



they hare ever reached (471) ty the BUOOMB of the French armies, 

 eombined with advene circumstance* at home. 



Besides the KngHA funds, shares in many deeoriptioiu of foreign 

 itoeki, which hare been created by loans raised in thu country, are 

 constantly for sale in the money-market, as are also share* in railway, 

 canal, mining, and numerous other similar speculations. 



STOCKS, hi Horticulture, are young trees which are designed for 

 the reception of the Knit* or buds from other trees. The process by 

 which a part of one tree la transferred to another is called grafting or 

 budding [DRAFTING], and the object attained by it in gardening is the 

 securing the continuance and multiplication of an individual plant 

 that may possess peculiarities deemed worthy of preservation. It is 

 by this process that the great number of varieties of cultivated fruits 

 are preserved with remarkable integrity, and by which a constant 

 improvement may be ensured. 



Stocks are for practical purpose* divided into three kinds : crab 

 stocks, free stocks, and dwarf stocks. Crab stocks are those which are 

 grown from the seeds of wild and ungrafted treee, as the cherry, plum, 

 apple. 4c. These stocks are commonly used where a large and hardy 

 growth is desirable. In the selection of wild stocks, those which grow 

 cleanest, and are freest from irregularities of the stem and defects in 

 the bark, should be chosen. Free stocks are those which are raised 

 from the seeds or layers of fruit and orchard trees which have been 

 grafted. These stocks are found desirable when the object of grafting 

 is to obtain choice varieties of apples, peaches, nectarines, apricots, or 

 plums. Dwarf stocks are those which are raised from low-growing 

 shrubby trees. They are used in the grafting of low-standards for 

 small gardens, also for wall-trees, and espaliers. 



Stocks are raised in nurseries from seeds, suckers, layers, and 

 cutting*. When raised from seeds, they should be sown in the 

 autumn, in beds of common light earth : all lateral branches should 

 be cut off as they grow up ; and, according to circumstances, they will 

 be fit for grafting in one, two, or three years. Stocks may be used 

 when they have attained the size of a goose-quill, up to that of a man's 

 finger. When stocks are wanted expeditioualy, they may be produced 

 from suckers taken up and planted in the autumn, when they will be 

 ready for use the following July or August. They are not often raised 

 from layers and cuttings. 



In the selection of stocks, not only is care required that they be of 

 the same kind as the graft or scion, but that there is a proper relation 

 between the rapidity of their growth according to the objects wished 

 to be attained. When the growth of the scion is more rapid than that 

 of the stock, it will sometimes die. This is the case with peach-trees 

 budded on plum-stocks and pears on the hawthorn. At the same 

 time, when trees are naturally too luxuriant in leaves and branches, 

 they may be dwarfed in their growth and made fruitful by placing a 

 scion from them on a stock that grows slower than themselves. In 

 this way apples may be dwarfed by being grown on paradise, pear, 

 or quince stocks. 



It is frequently desirable to select those stocks which are hardier 

 than the scion, for the purpose of ensuring the growth of the latter. 

 Not that the stock has any power of communicating hardiness to the 

 scion ; but those stocks that are accustomed to colder latitudes will 

 supply a sufficient quantity of sap, and be able to resist the influence 

 of a decrease of bottom heat. The kind of soil in which a stock grows 

 has also much to do with its being adapted for the growth of certain 

 scions. Thus the crab has been found best for the apple, the wild 

 peir for the cultivated pear, the almond for the plum, and the mahaleb 

 for the cherry, on chalky soils. But the stock also has the power 

 of deteriorating the fruit ; the austere plum and the crab will not im- 

 prove the peach or the apple of the scion which may be grafted on 

 them. Some gardeners therefore recommend stocks of what they 

 term an ennobling character ; that is, of a species as good as that of 

 the scions they are to bear. Apricots, currants, and gooseberries are 

 stated to have been greatly improved by this process. 



STOCKS, a wooden machine formerly much used for the punishment 

 of disorderly persons by securing their legs. The time when they were 

 first used in England does not appear ; but in the second Statute of 

 Labourers, 25 Edw. III., 1350, in the octave of the Purification, it is 

 enacted tliat refractor)- artificers shall be put in the stocks by the lords, 

 stewards, bailiffs, or constables of the towns where their offence has 

 been committed, by three days; or sent to the next jail, there to 

 justify themselves ; and that stocks be made in every town for such 

 occasion between that time and the feast of Pentecost. (' Rot. Parl.,' 

 ii., 234.) In 1376 the commons prayed the king for their establishment 

 in every village. (Ibid., 841.) 



In ' King Lear,' act ii., sc. 2, Shakspere has introduced the stocks 

 upon the stage. Farmer, commenting upon the passage, says : " It 

 ihould be remembered that formerly in great houses, as still in some 

 colleges, there were moveablc stocks for the correction of the servants." 

 The stocks are (till to be seen in some country places, and are not 

 wholly dixtised. 



ST< >LK, originally a long vestment, a matron's robe, from the Latin 

 itola, and that from the Greek im>\4. Pitiscus, in bis ' Lexicon 

 A nti. iuit.it. Roman./ has a long article upon the itola, aa worn by the 

 ncienU. 



In later times stola was the term more particularly applied to a 

 broad strip of cloth or stuff, with three crosses upon it, worn by priests 



of the Romish church as a sacerdotal vestment, with whom it was 

 also called OrarSum. "Orarium est stola," says Lyndwood, in his 

 ' Provinciale,' " qua mcerdos hi omni obeequio divino uti debet, et suo 

 ei.llo iiiipnnitur ut significet se jugum Domini suscepisse." 



The stole or orarium, according to Palmer ('Origines Litnrgietc,' 

 vol. ii.) has been used from the most primitive ages by the < i 

 clergy. It is spoken of by the first council of Braga, A.D. 56S ; by 

 Isidore Hispaleniis, A.D. 600 ; the Council of Laodicea, in Phrygia, 

 A.D. 860 ; Severianus Gabalitanus, in the time of Chrysostom ; and 

 many others (see Bingham's ' Antiq.,' b. riii., c. 8, 2 ; and ( ii-rWrti, 

 ' Liturg. Aleman.,' torn, i., p. 240) ; and it has been continually used 

 by all the churches of the west and east, and by the Monophysites of 

 Antioch and Alexandria. " The stole," says Palmer, " always called 

 'tlpdpim by the Greeks, was fastened on one shoulder of the deacon's 

 albe, and hung down before and behind. The priest had it over both 

 shoulders, and the two ends of it hung down in front. The Eastern 

 churches call the stole of the priests ixiTpaxfa'o'- Thus simply were 

 the dreaies of deacons and priests distinguished from each other in 

 primitive times." 



The pall of the metropolitans was originally only a stole wound 

 round the neck, with the ends hanging down behind and before. 



That the word ' stole,' in the sense of a sacerdotal vestment, was of 

 early adoption into the English language, appears from the ' Saxon 

 Chronicle ' under the year 968, when Archbishop Dunstan, at the tiimi 

 of personally confirming King Edgar's grant of lands to the monastery 

 of Peterborough, added that he himself gave, among other vestments, 

 his ti'il to St. Peter. 



STOMACH, DISEASES OF THE. The tissues of the stomach may 

 be the seat of various pathological states, producing symptoms which 

 are often referred to the general head of dyspepsia. [DTSPEPSIA.] 

 This diseased condition is, however, but a general term for the expres- 

 sion of a variety of symptoms arising from the pathological conditions 

 of the organ. The morbid states of the stomach have been recently 

 studied with great care, by the medical men both of this country and 

 the continent. The principal structural morbid conditions of the 

 stomach to which attention need be drawn are: 1. Softening. 2. 

 Degeneration. 3. Congestion. 4. Inflammation. 5. Ulceration. 6. 

 Cancer. At the same time a variety of symptoms come on indicative 

 of a change in the functions of the stomach, and which may occur 

 quite independent of any of the above structural derangements. 

 Amongst the most remarkable of these functional derangements are the 

 following : 



1. Vomiting, which may come on from a disordered state of distant 

 organs, as of the brain, fiver, lung, uterus, testicle, and other parts. 

 This symptom is produced by the reflex action of the nervous system. 

 In the majority of instances in which vomiting occurs, it is produced 

 by the morbid condition of some other organ. It should, therefore, 

 always lead to the investigation of other organs, ag attempts at arrest- 

 ing it will not be successful till the cause is removed. 



2. Deficient secretion of Gastric juite. Many dyspeptic symptoms 

 are directly traceable to this cause. It is accompanied with a sense of 

 weight and oppression at the pit of the stomach. The food remains 

 undigested in the stomach, and frequently decomposes, giving to the 

 breath an unpleasant smell. This state requires for its treatment the 

 administration of stimulants of the gastric function. Hydrochloric 

 acid increases the secretion of the gastric acid, and pepsine, the active 

 principle of the gastric juice, has been recommended as a remedy. 



3. Fermtntatio.i of tke food. The food may be variously decomposed 

 according to the state of the stomach, and sometimes one change comes 

 on and sometimes another. Without any apparent cause in the 

 stomach itself, a fermentation comes on in the food, attended with the 

 development of a large quantity of carbonic acid gas, and which is 

 also accompanied with the presence of a minute plant, first discovered 

 by Professor Goodsir of Edinburgh, and called by him the A'.- 

 VentrictUi. This state comes on when distant organs an -itli-cted, or 

 in a general state of the system which must be attended to for cure. 



4. Indigestion, or any derangement of the function of diges- 

 tion, dependent on morbid states of other organs, either connected 

 with the stomach, as the salivary glands, the liver, the pancreas, or the 

 bowels, or upon derangement of organs more distant, as the kidneys, 

 brain, &o., or upon gluttony or drunkenness. This functional derange- 

 ment is cured by the removal of the cause. [DYSPEPSIA.] 



The general characters of the structural diseases of the stomach arc 

 as follows : Softening of the mucous membrane of the stomach 

 may occur during life as the result of the action of the gastric arid 

 upon the membrane, or it may occur from the same cause after death. 

 The latter form is very frequent, and was formerly regarded as an 

 indication of structural change during life. Softening of the stomach 

 occurs during life in wasting diseases, in which there is a great depres- 

 sion of the vital powers, aa in typhoid fever, cancer of the womb, 

 peritonitis, and tubercular disease of the brain. It more frequently 

 occurs in the latter disease among children, than in any of the diseases 

 of adults. This disease is accompanied with great disorder of the 

 digestive functions, pain and tenderness of the epigastrium, loss of 

 appetite, thirst, vomiting, and nausea. 



/>'/' aeration occurs in the glandular structure of the proper mucous 

 substances of the stomach, and is the most common of the structural 

 diseases of the stomach. In these cases either the gastric follicles are 



