Ml 



STYX. 



SUBLIMATION, 



666 



over along with water. On adding common salt to the water, a cream- 

 like matter rises to the surface and gradually solidities to an acicular 

 mass of styrone. It melts when heated and boils at 482 Fahr. Its 

 vapour has an agreeable odour resembling that of hyacinths : it rapidly 

 attacks india-rubber. By peroxide of lead and caustic potash, or by 

 chromic acid, styrone is oxidised to cinnamic acid. Under the in- 

 fluence of platinum black it is converted into the aldehyd of cinnamic 



alcohol | " W - \ ) or hydride of cinnamyl, identical with the essen- 



tial oil of cinnamon. 



Styracin, or cinnamyl-styrone, is obviously polymeric with the 

 hydride of cinnamyl just mentioned : 



STYX (Srv or 2-ri/yif SSap). In the ancient mythology the Styx 

 was believed to be the principal river of the lower world, round which 

 it flowed nine times. (Virg., ' JEn.,' vi. 439.) It was believed to be 

 an arm of the river Oceanus, which flowed round our earth, and the 

 river Cocytufl was thought to be a branch of the Styx. When the 

 gods of the ancients took a great oath, they always swore by the water 

 of Styx, and awful punishment awaited him who swore falsely. The 

 divinity of the river Styx was a nymph of the same name, daughter of 

 Oceanus and Tethys, who dwelt at the entrance of the lower world in 

 * spacious grotto supported by silver columns. (Hesiod, ' Theog.,' 

 778.) 



Sl'B. A prefix applied in chemistry to a basic salt or to an oxide 

 containing a less proportion of oxygen than a protoxide. 



SUBCONTRARY. This word is particularly applied to the sections 

 of a cone, in a manner which, without interfering with that application, 

 would allow of its definition being generalised as follows : When a 

 figure or solid is symmetrical, so that equal lines or polygons can be 

 drawn on two different sides, those equal lines or polygons may be 

 called mlicuatrary. Thus, in Euclid, i. 5, the equal Hues which are 

 obliquely deflected from the two ends of the base of the isosceles 

 triangle, are subcontrary. In a right cone every section has its sub- 

 contrary, except only the circle which generates the cone, and its 

 parallels. Let v be the vertex of an oblique circular cone, and A u c D 

 the circle on which it is described. Let the plane v A c be that which 

 pjtnrn through the centre of the circle perpendicularly to its plane. 

 Then the cone is exactly the same on one side of the plane v A c as on 

 the other ; and if a plane A o r be drawn through A perpendicular to 

 the line which bisects the angle A v r, the section A o F is such that 

 cithiT half would take the place of the other, if it were to make a half 

 revolution about A r. It is then an ellipse of which A F is one of the 

 xe* ; and the middle point of A F, falling in the line which 



principal j 



l.i-.-.n \ 



A v r, is the centre. Consequently every section of this cone 

 has a subcontrary section, except only those which are parallel to AUK. 

 Hence the generating circle A BCD has a subcontrary circle EBFD, 

 made by taking the line K r subcontrary to A c, and drawing through 

 F a plane perpendicular to the plane A v F. The angles v F and 

 ? o A are equal, as also VAC and v r r.. 



In the limited use of the word subcontrary, no sections are considered 

 in this light except the two circular sections of an oblique cone. Con- 

 wquently, when subcontrary sections are mentioned, these circular 

 ections are understood. The proofs given of the existence of these 

 (ubcontrary lections usually conceal the fact of all cones described 

 upon a circle being symmetrical when produced in every direction, and 

 eon to make the existence of a second circular section a sort of accident 

 f the circle, as if no other section had its subcontrary. 



Since all parallel sections of a cone are similar, it follows that through 

 every point of the surface two subcontrary circles can be drawn. The 

 Hiirface* of the second order generally have the same property. [Sua- 

 FACES or THE SECOND OBDF.R.] 



SUB-DOMINANT, in Music, the fourth of the key, mode, or scale. 

 Tim*, in the key of c, r a the sub-dominant. 



SI'BDUl'LICATE, SL'BTKIPLICATE. [RATIO.] 



ARTS AMD SCI. DIV. VOL. VII. 



SUBERAMIDE. [SUBERIC ACID.] 



SUBERAN1LIC ACID. [SUBERIC ACID.] 



SUBERANILIDE. [SUBERIC ACID.] 



SUBERIC ACID (C^H^O^HO). An organic acid produced by 

 treating rasped cork with diluted nitric acid ; the cork is slowly dis- 

 solved, and a fatty substance is formed, which floats on the surface of 

 the fluid. The solution is slowly evaporated till it thickens, and the 

 residue is treated with about eight times its weight of water, by which 

 an additional quantity of fatty matter separates. When the solution 

 is filtered, suberic and oxalic acids separate, the former in the state of 

 a white powder ; this is to be saturated with ammonia, and the suberate 

 of ammonia formed being decomposed by an acid, the suberic acid 

 precipitates in the state of a white powder, which is to be washed with 

 cold water. Suberic acid may also be obtained by treating margaric, 

 oleic, or stearic acid with nitric acid. The properties of this substance 

 are, that its acid powers are but feeble ; it is very soluble in boiling 

 water, and the greater part of it is deposited from the solution on 

 cooling in the form of a white powder ; it is soluble also in anhydrous 

 alcohol ; fuses at about 300 ; and sublimes in acicular crystals. 



The suberates are not an important class of salts ; we shall therefore 

 mention them briefly. Suberate of ammonia is soluble in water ; the 

 suberates of potash and soda are deliquescent, and fusible without 

 decomposition : those of lime, baryta, strontia, magnesia, alumina, and 

 manganese are more or less soluble ; protosuberate of iron is a white 

 precipitate ; the persuberate is a brown one : the suberates of tin, zinc, 

 mercury, and silver are white insoluble substances : that of cobalt is 

 red, of copper blue-green, and uranium yellow. 



By the distillation of suberic acid with excess of quicklime, a body 

 termed suberone or hydride of suberyl (C 14 H 12 ) is produced. The 

 following bodies are also derived from suberic acid : 



Subcramide . 

 Subcrunilidc 

 Subcranilic Acid 



. C, n., 4 N 2 0, 

 . C 2 ,H 19 NO. 



SUBERIC ETHER. [ETHYL.] 



SUBERIN is a peculiar substance so named by Chevreul, as obtained 

 from common cork, the epidermis of the quercus softer. When ten 

 parts of cork have been treated with water, alcohol, ether, hydrochloric 

 acid, potash, 4c., there remain seven parts, which are suberin, possess- 

 ing the following properties : it is very inflammable ; by distillation 

 it yields water, a colourless oil, and afterwards a yellowish one, all of 

 which are acid ; then ammonia and a fatty crystallised substance are 

 produced, and various gases are disengaged, while charcoal equal to 

 one-fourth of the suberin remains in the retort. [CELLULOSE ] 



SUBERONE. [SUBERIC ACID.] 



SUBJECT, SUBJECTIVE. These words, with their correlatives 

 Object and Objective, are now again restored to English philosophical 

 language, through the medium of the German writers. The Subject 

 is in philosophy invariably used to express the mind, soul, or per- 

 sonality of the thinker the Ego. The Object is its correlative, and 

 uniformly expresses anything or everything external to the mind ; 

 everything or anything distinct from it the non-Ego. The universe 

 itself, when considered as a unique existence, is an object to the 

 thinker; and the very subject itself (the mind) can become an object, 

 by being psychologically considered. 



The distinction is most important. The exact distinction between 

 the terms subject and object was first made by the schoolmen : for by 

 the Greeks the word inroKfifitvov was equivocally employed to express 

 either the object of knowledge (the materia circa fjuam) or the subject 

 of existence (the materia in qua). These correlatives, subject and 

 object, correspond to the first most important distinction in philo- 

 sophy, namely, the original antithesis of self and not-self. These 

 terms, in their substantive and adjective forms, passed from the 

 schools into the scientific language of philosophers. 



SUBLIMATION, a chemical operation effected by the application 

 of heat to certain bodies ; it is essentially similar to distillation in 

 principle, but differs from it in the nature of the substances to which 

 it is applied. In distillation liquids are converted into vapour, and 

 condensed into the same form by the cooling agency of water; whereas 

 in sublimation solid bodies are vaporised, and afterwards reassume the 

 solid state, in general merely by the cooling power of the air, without 

 the assistance of cold water. 



Sublimation is usually conducted in one vessel, the product being 

 deposited in the upper part of it in a solid state, while the impurity 

 remains in the lower. In small experimental researches a Florence 

 flask answers perfectly well, and a good exemplification of the process 

 is that produced by heating iodine in it : a purple vapour rises, which 

 almost immediately condenses in small brilliant dark-coloured crystals 

 in the upper part of the flask, the impurity remaining in the lower. 



.Sublimation is extensively employed, and for two different purposes ; 

 the simplest case is that of using it for purifying a substance, camphor 

 for example, in which the pure camphor is vaporised, and condenses 

 in the upper part of the vessel, while the impurities remain in the 

 lower part. 



In preparing corrosive sublimate and calomel, these substances are 

 formed and sublimed by the same operation : in general large green- 

 glass vessels, called Mtheads, are used for calomel and corrosive subli- 



3K 



