937 



SUHINTAM1NE. 



SURVEYING. 



having attended one course of lectures on midwifery, and of having 

 personally attended thirty labours,'are also admitted to examination for 

 this certificate. 



By the new medical act (21 & 22 Viet. c. 90, a. 48), it was enacted 

 that it shall be lawful for her Majesty to grant to the Royal College 

 of Surgeons power to institute and hold examinations for the pur- 

 pose of testing the fitness of persons to practise as dentists, who may 

 be desirous of being so examined, and to grant certificates of such 

 fitness. The college has since granted a large number of certificates to 

 persons practising as dentists alone. 



The Licentiates of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, of the 

 Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, and of the Faculty of 

 Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow are admissible to the membership 

 of the College under the bye-laws relating to ad etindem admissions. 



The museum of the College consists of the collection made by John 

 Hunter, which was given in trust by government, who purchased it 

 for 15,0001., and of numerous additions made to it by donations of 

 members and others, and by purchase. The parts of it which illustrate 

 physiology, palsoontology, and morbid anatomy are probably the most 

 valuable collections of the kind in Europe. [Hr.vrER, JOHN, in BIOG. 

 Div.] 



Lectures on anatomy, for which SlOl. were left to the company of 

 barber surgeons by Edward Arris, and 161. per annum by John Gale, 

 are delivered annually by one of the members of the council or some 

 other member selected by them. Twenty-four museum lectures are 

 also, in compliance with the deed of trust, annually delivered by the 

 Hunteriau professor, the subjects of which must be illustrated by 

 preparations from the Hunterian collection, and from the other con- 

 tents of the museum. An oration in commemoration of John Hunter, 

 or of others who have been distinguished in medical science, is 

 delivered annually on the 14th of February, the anniversary of 

 Hunter's birth. 



The College gives also three prizes for the best essays on anatomical 

 and surgical subjects ; one," the Collegiate Triennial Anatomical Prize 

 of fifty guineas;" the other two, "Jacksonian Prizes" of twenty 

 giiin.-aa each, are given every year. 



The library is very extensive, and is open to all students, members 

 and fellows, from 10 till 4 o'clock. 



Abstracts of the several acts and charters relating to the College of 

 Surgeons may be found in Willcock, ' On the Laws relating to the 

 Medical Profession,' London, 1830, 8vo, and in Paris and Fonblanque's 

 ' Medical Jurisprudence,' vol. iii. The bye-laws, the list of members, 

 the catalogues of the museum and library, &c., are published by the 

 College. 



SI' KIN" A. MINE. An alkaloid of unknown composition found in 

 the bark of a plant of the genus Gcoffnea, growing in Surinam and 

 Jamaica. 



8UUXAMK. [NAME.] 



SURPLICE, the white dress worn by the clergy in their acts of 

 ministration, from the Latin tnperpelluxnm. It differs from the altie 

 in having wider sleeves. It appears to have been introduced in order 

 to make a distinction between the dresses which the superior and 

 the inferior orders of the clergy wore at the Liturgy ; and from about 

 the 12th century the name of surplice was introduced. During the 

 middle ages, bishops very frequently wore the surplice with a cope, 

 and above the rochet te. (Bona, Serum Litury., lib. i., cap. 24, s. 20 ; 

 Paliii ' turgiftr, vol. ii.) 



SI KKKNIiKK. " Xiirmm ralditio properly is a yielding up of an 

 estate for life or years to. him that hath an immediate estate in rever- 

 sion or remainder, wherein the estate for life or years may drown by 

 mutual agreement between them." A surrender and a release both 

 have the effect of uniting the particular estate with that in reversion 

 or remainder ; but they differ in this, that whereas a release generally 

 operates by the greater estate descending on the less, a surrender is 

 the falling of the less estate into the greater. 



Coke mentions three kinds of surrenders : 1. A surrender at com- 

 mon law, which is the surrender properly so called ; 2. A surrender 

 by custom of copyhold lands or customary estates ; and, 3. A sur- 

 render improperly taken, as of a deed, a patent, of a rent newly created 

 and of a fee-simple to the king. 



1. The surrender at common law is of two sorts : 1. A surrender in 

 deed or by words in writing, expressing the intention of the owner of 

 the particular estate to yield it up to him in reversion or remainder ; 

 ami, 2. A surrender in law, which is wrought by operation of law, and 

 not actual ; as if a lessee for life or years takes a new lease of the same 

 land during the continuance of his term, this will be a surrender in 

 law of the prior lease. 



The surrender of terms of years will sometimes be presumed from 

 length of time alone ; and many cases have arisen upon the question, 

 after what periods mortgage terms have been satisfied, and terms 

 which have been assigned to trustees to attend the inheritance and 

 have not been subsequently dealt with, will be presumed to have been 

 surrendered. 



2. As to surrender of copyholds, see COPYHOLD. 



3. A surrender may be mode of letters-patent and offices to the 

 crown, t'> the intent that a fresh grant be may mode of the same right; 

 and a grant of the second patent for years to the same person, for the 

 same thing, causes a surrender in law of the first. 



SURROGATE, is, according to Cowell'a ' Interpreter,' " one that is 

 substituted or appointed in the room, of another, most commonly of a 

 bishop or a bishop's chancellor." 



The qualifications required in a person appointed as surrogates are 

 defined and enforced by the canons of 1603. He must be a grave 

 minister and a graduate or a licensed preacher and beneficed, or a 

 bachelor of law or a master of arts, well qualified from his religion and 

 learning. 



Surrogates being delegated officers, their jurisdiction of course 

 depends upon that of the person for whom they act. The principal 

 duty however of ecclesiastical surrogates may be stated to consist of 

 taking affidavits in the ecclesiastical courts and granting marriage 

 licences. The proper performance of these duties is guarded by 

 particular enactments. By the 26 Geo. II. c. 33, 7, every surrogate 

 deputed by any ecclesiastical judge who has power to grant licences of 

 marriage is required, before granting any such licence, to take an oath 

 before such judge and to give a bond of 100/. to the bishop of the 

 diocese for the faithful execution of his office. 



Surrogates are also persons appointed to execute the offices of judges 

 ill the courts of Vice- Admiralty in the colonies, in the place of the 

 regular judges of those courts. The acts of such surrogates have, by 

 the 56 Geo. III., c. 82, the same effect and character as the acts of the 

 regular judges. 



SURVEYING is the art of determining the form and dimensions 

 of tracts of ground, the plans of towns and single houses, the courses 

 of roads and rivers, with the boundaries of estates, fields, &c. A 

 survey is accompanied by a representation on paper of all the above- 

 mentioned objects, and frequently by a delineation of the slopes of the 

 hills, as the whole would appear if .projected on a horizontal plane. 

 When canals or railways are to be executed, a survey of the ground is 

 combined with the operations of levelling, in order to obtain, besides 

 a horizontal plan, the forms of vertical sections of the ground along 

 the proposed lines, and thus to ascertain the quantities of earth to be 

 removed. 



In maritime surveying, the forms of coasts and harbours, the 

 entrances of rivers, with the positions of islands, rocks, and shoals, are 

 to be determined ; also the soundings or depths of water in as many 

 different places as possible. 



Military surveying consists chiefly in representing on paper the 

 features of a country, such as the roads, rivers, hills, and marshes, in 

 order to ascertain the positions which may be occupied as fields of 

 battle or as quarters ; and the facilities which the country may afford 

 for the march of troops or the passage of artillery stores. 



For trigonometrical surveying, see TRIGONOMETRY, 



Since the measurement of the distance between two objects by" 

 means of a rod or chain is very laborious and inaccurate when that dis- 

 tance is considerable, particularly if the ground should have many 

 inequalities of level, and be much intersected by walls, hedges, and 

 streams of water, it will seldom be possible to execute even an ordinary 

 survey by such means alone, and instruments for taking angles 

 must be employed, together with the chain, in every operation of 

 importance. 



If within the tract to be surveyed there should be a road about 

 half a mile in extent, and nearly straight and level, so that a line may 

 be accurately measured upon it by the chain, and that from its extre- 

 mities several remarkable objects, as churches or mills, may be seen, 

 it will be convenient to use such measured line as a base, and with a 

 theodolite to observe the angles contained between the base and the 

 lines joining the extremities to the different objects. The three angles 

 of each triangle formed by such lines should if possible be observed, 

 in order that by the agreement of their sum with 180 the accuracy of 

 the angular measurements may be tested ; and then the lengths of 

 the sides of the triangles may be determined by the rules of plane 

 trigonometry. 



Let A. B represent a base so measured in a road ; and let c, D, E, F 

 be four remarkable objects within or near the boundaries of the tract 

 to be surveyed ; the distances A c, A D, &c., B D, B c, &c., will be those 

 which should be determined by computation. These lines may then 

 serve as bases, and if from their extremities be taken the angles con- 

 tained between them and lines supposed to connect them with any 

 other objects, as houses or remarkable trees, the positions and distances 

 of these objects may be determined by computation as before. Thus 

 B c or B D will serve as a base by which the position of a may bo 

 computed. 



It will obviously be advantageous if the lines supposed to connect the 

 objects lie nearly parallel to the directions of roads, lanes, streams, or 

 hedges, on account of the facility which will thereby be afforded for 

 laying down such roads, &c., on the plan. In order that it may be 

 possible to place the theodolite at the angular points of the triangles, 

 those points should not be precisely in the churches, mills, or other 

 objects whose positions are to be determined, but should be indicated 

 by poles set up near those objects, on spots of ground in such situa- 

 tions that each may be visible from the two others which with it con- 

 stitute the intended triangle. The place of the building may be 

 ascertained by its bearing and distance from the pole in its vicinity. 

 After as many stations as may be thought fit have been determined in 

 the manner just described, and the lengths of the lines (that is, the 

 sides of the triangles) connecting them have been computed, the 



