11 



TALISMAN. 



TALLY. 



II 



mar be collected from other places. The word contains the 

 bntBt as the word tate, - soch," or like." 



TALISMAN, an Arabic word, supposed to be derived from tho 

 Greek lelama iT'Anut, is a figure cast in metal or out in stone, and 

 made with certain superstitious ceremonies, when two planeta are in 

 conjunction, or when a certain star is at its culminating point. A talis- 

 man thus prepared is supposed to exercise an influence over the bearer, 

 preserving him from dinnisn. rendering him invulnerable in battle, and 

 i. They were probably used originally to avert disease, for wo 

 find them mentioned in the history of medicine among all ancient 

 nations. The Egyptians made use of figures of sacred animals, such 

 as the ibis and the scarabtcun, which they wore generally suspended 

 from their necks. The Arabs and the Turks did the same, when they 

 were idolaters; but after their conversion to Islam, they used 

 sentences from the Koran, taken chiefly from the surah, or chapter, 

 entitled ' The Incantation.' These they wore inscribed on rolls of 

 vellum or paper, enclosed in a silver box, and suspended from their 

 neck; or else engraven upon a signet ring. Military men used 

 similar sentence* from the Koran on the hilt or blade of their swords ; 

 on their shields, helmeta, and other pieces of armour; or woven into 

 their garments. Christian nations even were not exempt from this 

 superstition. In the middle ages, relic* of saints, consecrated candles, 

 and rods, rosaries, Ac., were employed, and still ore, in Spain and in 

 some parts of Italy. 



TALLAGE is derived, according to Lord Coke, from the law Latin 

 word tatlagium, or tailayiam, which, as he says, " cometh of the French 

 word lailtr, to share or cut out a part, and metaphorically U token 

 when the king or any other hath a share or part of the value of a man's 

 goods or chattels, or a share or part of the annual revenue of his lands, 

 or puU any charge or burthen upon another ; so as talla</ium is a 

 general word, and doth include all subsidies, taxes, tenths, fifteenths, 

 or other burthens or charge put or set upon any man." It u;i- 

 generally however confined in its sense to taxes received by the king. 

 The most important statute on the subject is entitled ' De Tallagio 

 non concedendo,' which was passed in the 34th year of Edward III., 

 to quiet the discontent then universal throughout the kingdom. It 

 had arisen among the commons in consequence of the king having 

 taken a tallage of all cities, boroughs, and towns without the assent of 

 parliament. He was embroiled also with the nobles and landowners, 

 from having attempted, unsuccessfully however, to compel all free- 

 holders of land above the value of 20?. to contribute either men or 

 money towards his wars in Flanders. The first chapter of the 

 statute u the most important : " No tallage or aid may be set or 

 levied by us or our heirs in our kingdom without the good will 

 and assent of the archbishops, bishops, counts, barons, knights, 

 burgesses, and other free men of the commons of our kingdom." 

 These words, as Lord Coke says, are " plain without any scruple, 

 absolute without any saving ;" and, if there could have been perfect 

 reliance on their operation, must have been entirely satisfactory. 

 But the same king had just violated almost the same engagements 

 entered into by himself only six years before. (25 Edward I., o. 

 5, <i, 7, ' Confirmationes Chartanim ;' 2 Inst., 530.) 



TALLOW (French, tuif ; German, talg ; Italian, mro, tfgo; Russian, 

 tola, toplautt ; Spanish, tdm) is animal fat melted and separated from 

 the membranous matter which U naturally mixed with it. When pure, 

 tallow is white, and nearly tasteless; but the tallow of commerce 

 usually has a yellow tinge. It is divided, according to its qualities, 

 .riouK kinds, of which the best are used for the manufacture of 

 candles, and the inferior for making soap, dressing leather, greasing 

 machinery, and some other purpose*. 



A Urge proportion of the tallow used for making candles in this 

 country is of home production. It is fitted for use by the rrndrrer, 

 who chops into pieces the fat and suet received from the butchers, and 

 boils it in water, by which operation the greater part of the fat is 

 melted out from the membranes, and floats to the top, whence it is 

 removed by Vimming. The remaining fat is subsequently squeezed 

 from the membranes by a powerful press, leaving the membranous 

 tnsttrr in the form of a cake or block, of a dark colour, which U called 

 gram, or crarklingt, and which, when macerated iu warm water, 

 often* and swells, and i* used a* food for poultry, dogs, and other 

 domestic ft"* 1 * The operation of rendering should be performed as 

 speedily as possible after the removal of the fat from the carcass, 

 because the fibrous and fleshy matter mixed with it tend to promote 

 putrefaction* 



Almost all our imported tallow U brought from Russia, whore this 

 article U produced in enormous quantities. About 260,000,000 Ibs. of 

 tallow are furnished annually to the rest of the world.fproviding the chief 

 supply of soap and candle* to England, France, Germany, Scandinavia, 

 Italy, and the other countries of Europe ; and this U all in addition to 

 the Urge quantity consumed by the Russians themselves. Nearly the 

 whole of this quantity is furnished by the Pontine steppes, in the 

 southern part of European Russia. The large tallow-manufactories, or 

 talyant, as they are called, are exclusively in the hands of the native* 

 of Great Russia, who buy the cattle by thousands, and, after fattening 

 them for a season, drive them to the salgans to be slaughtered. The 

 Ignis, to which the tallow-boilers usually begin to drive their oxen in 

 small numbers toward* the close of summer, generally consist of a 

 spacious court-yard surrounded by the building* necessary for the 



manufacture : embracing shambles for slaughtering the oxen, houses 

 containing enormous boiler* to boil down the flesh, places for salting 

 the hides, and counting-houses and dwellings for the workmen. I n 1 1,. 

 summer these establishmente are unteoanted, except by dogs and birds 

 of prey, which hover about all the year round, attracted by the nau- 

 seous smell, which, however alluring to them, U disgusting to a victor 

 and distressing to the oxen. The business U generally carried on 

 during the rainy season. The actual slaughtering U performed in so 

 rude and unarUficial a manner as to occasion much needless suffering 

 to the beasts. After the carcasses are skinned, three or four poods of 

 flesh are cut off from the loins and back for sale hi the bazaar as 

 meat, there being little fat in those parts of the body ; but owing to 

 the barbarous method of slaughtering, this meat is so much injured 

 that none but the poor will buy it The remainder of the carcass U 

 cut up, and everything, excepting the intestines, which are gi 

 the pigs (of which a considerable number are always kept at the salgan 

 to fatten during the season), is thrown into the boilers, of which th. ,.- 

 are from four to six in every salgan, each large enon 

 flesh of ten or fifteen oxen. A little water is put into < 

 prevent the " soup," as its contents are termed, from burning. Tli- 

 fat, as it collects at the top, is skimmed off with large ladle- 

 before it is quite cold it u poured into the casks in \\lii-li it U 

 wards ship|>ed. The first -fat which comes off is the best, nn.l in ,|uit- 

 white; while that which follows has a yellowish tinge. Wln-i 

 are not sufficient casks at hand, the hides of the slaughtered o\ 

 sewn up, and the tallow is poured into them. A further supj 

 fat, but of very inferior quality, is subsequently obtained by subjecting 

 the mash of bones and flesh to huge presses. This tallow, which is 

 rarely exported, is of a dark brown colour, and is used for greasing 

 wheels and for other coarse purposes. An ox in good condition will 

 yield from seven to eight poods (250 to 290 Ibs.) of tallow, which in 

 generally worth from eleven to fifteen ruble* a pood. The article in 

 always so greatly in demand, that the merchants often pay part f the 

 price for it while the oxen are yet grazing on the steppes. 



The merchants of St. Petersburg divide the tallow which they 

 receive from the interior into white and yellow candle-tallow, and 

 common and Siberian soap-tallow ; the latter, which is considcrrd tin 1 

 best tallow for soap-making, being brought by several rivers from 

 Siberia to the lake Ladoga, and thence to the Neva by the canal of 

 SchluBselburg. An amhare, or warehouse, is appropriated to the 

 reception of the tallow on its arrival, in which it is selected and 

 assorted (or bracked) according to quality, after which the casks are 

 marked with the quality, the date of the selection, and the name of 

 the brackcr or selector. The white tallow U usually brought in . 

 casks, 2| feet in diameter at the largest and 1J at the H 

 but the yellow tallow is commonly in casks of the more usunl 

 Yellow candle-tallow, when good, should be clean, dry, hard when 

 broken, and of a fine yellow colour throughout. The white candle- 

 tallow, when good, is white, brittle, hard>diy, and clean. The best 

 white tallow is brought from AVoronesch. Soap-tallow, however, i.-, 

 said to be better the more greasy and yellow it is. M'Culloch states 

 that 120 poods of tallow, gross weight (of which the cask is usually 

 about 10 per cent.), make a Petersburg last, and 63 poods an Knglixli 

 ton. 



Different kinds of tallow melt and retain their fluidity nt very 

 different degrees of temperature ; the fat which is deposited about th 

 kidneys being, in all animals, harder than that found in tin- r.-lls of the 

 bones, and especially than the half -oily fat found in the musd 

 other soft parts ; while the fat of some animals is harder than i 

 others that of the sheep and deer, for example, congealing niiieh ' 

 sooner than that of the ox or horse. According, therefore, ! 

 different kinds of fat which may enter into its composition, tallow ill 

 be found to vary considerably in fusibility ; but 92 is the heat gene- 

 rally given as its melting-point, though Aikin states that he had seen a 

 boiliT-full of tallow perfectly fluid at 72, and even then not sufficiently 

 cooled to be made into candles ; nor was this case, he observes, con- 

 sidered remarkable, "whence we may conclude that tallow, m...|e 

 into candles and exposed to the air, loses much of its fusibility." 



The chief uses of tallow are described under CANDLE MA 

 and SOAP MANUFACTURE. 



During a long period of years, foreign tallow paid an import duty of 

 It. 6d. per cwt, and tallow from the colonies a duty of only Irf. 

 These duties were repealed in 1860, among other fiscal changes made 

 by Mr. Gladstone. 



The importation of tallow has now reached 180,000,000 Ibg. annually. 

 The exact figures for I860, and the countries whence imported. 

 as follow : 



From Humla . 

 ,, AtutralU . 

 ,, South America 

 ,, Other counlriM 



1,08J,663 cwts. 



U.OOJ 

 146,917 

 18I.4M 



1,430,103 or, 100,172,09(1 lb. 



TALLY. This word appears to be derived from the French 

 or tailler, each of which expresses the idea of cutting or i 



The use of notched sticks or tallies may be traced to a . 

 period, and there is reason to believe that they were among the earliest 

 means devised for keeping accounts. Some writers conceive that tho 



