I 



TAl'l 



TAKAXTISMUS. 



plished if liniple and Iwaiitiful ; but much care u required in 

 and arranging the thread*, and putting thfin on the beam. Th. i . 

 being a brovy preparatory outlay incurred, each pattern must have a 

 Urge Ml* to defray the cost. In the article CAIII-KT Mvxi i . 

 certain descriptive details will be met with, wliicli will serve to ahow 

 bow parti-coloured warp* may be introduced to produce some uch 

 fleet a* U here denoted ; the exact apparatu* and processes need not 

 !. . I. -,,.>, .1 I..,,. 



The Wool Home, patented and manufactured by Mews. Crosaley, 

 of Halifax, U an exceedingly curious production, involving no weaving 

 prooea* whatever. It may be called a velvet tapestry effect, produced 

 by mimic means. Artistic designs are prepared for thin, of a higher 

 order than U usual in carpet* and ruga. The design on paper is ruled 

 over in small squares, like a Berlin pattern ; the size of the squares 

 having a definite relation to the thickness of the woollen threads to be 

 used. This design U re-copied upon ruled paper by girls, each of whom 

 executes a portion of about a foot square. These papers then go into 

 the factory. Woollen threads have previously been dyed to an almost 

 infinite variety <>f colours, tints, and shades; for sometimes there ore 

 aa many as hundred different varieties introduced in one nig. A 

 woman, especially skilled in this art, selects from a classified list all the 

 colours that will be needed, taking one thread for every single square 

 throughout the pattern. These threads are then brought together 

 by means of a very remarkable apparatus. Every thread is stretched 

 out horizontally to a length of about 17 feet, and is kept tight by a 

 pull or force of about 4 IDS. One square foot of rug-work consists of 

 about 50,000 threads, corresponding to that number of squares in the 

 paper pattern. The force applied to the whole thus amounts to 

 200,000 U.S. ; and hence the iron frame-work requires to be very strong. 

 Girls, under the supervision of the mistress, are employed to stretch 

 these threads, guided in so doing by bars and perforated plates. Thus 

 they continue until a dense mass of worsted bos been arranged, 17 feet 

 long, 1 foot broad, and 1 foot deep. An ordinary hearth-rug, 6 feet by 2, 

 requires 12 of these masses to complete the pattern, or 600,000 threads 

 in all ; equal to 10,200,000 feet, or nearly 2000 miles of worsted thread. 

 This enormous quantity is made up into about a thousand rugs, all 

 exactly alike, in the following way. The masses are firmly bound up, 

 and ciit into portions of convenient length. They are then arranged 

 with the 600,000 threads vertical, all according to the proper pattern. 

 A slice is cut off from the top, to%vmler the upper surface quite level, 

 by means of a large circular cutter revolving horizontally with great 

 rapidity. The surface is coated with a hot solution of india rubber and 

 camphine, then dried, then coated again, and so on two or three times. 

 A backing, formed of canvas, is laid on with a strong cement of 

 caoutchouc solution ; and a little rubbing or scraping makes it adhere 

 very firmly to the worsted. The circular cutter then severs a layer 

 f t of an inch in thickness, which, by further processes, becomes appli- 

 cable as rug, carpet, hanging, curtain, or tapestry. The mass of threads 

 is thus cut away about a thousand times, producing this number of 

 repetitions of the pattern. Copies of elaborate pictures may thus be 

 obtained. The process does not become commercially successful unless 

 there is a large sale for each pattern. 



TAPIO'CA, a farinaceous substance, prepared in South America 

 from two species of Janipha, Manila* utilusima, or the bitter, and 

 Manihnt Aifi, the sweet, Cassada or Manioc plants. The chief dis- 

 tinction between them is that a " tough ligneous fibre or cord runs 

 through the heart of the sweet Cassava root, of which the bitter is 

 destitute." Though the bitter contains a highly acrid and poisonous 

 juice, from which the sweet is exempt, yet the bitter is cultivated 

 almost to the entire exclusion of the other, which is probably owing 

 to the greater facility with which it can be ground or rasped into flour, 

 owing to the absence of the ligneous centre. The poisonous principle 

 of the bitter manioc is thought to be of the nature of hy<li< 

 acid. It is easily dissipated or decomposed by heat or fermentation ; 

 hence the flour becomes perfectly wholesome in the process of baking 

 the cassava bread. The juice, after expression, may be inspissated 

 by long boiling, or formed into a soup, with flesh and spices, called 

 cauarepo, said to be powerfully antiseptic. By means of molasses it 

 can be fermented and converted into intoxicating drink. 



The fecuU, or flour, after the juice has been carefully expressed, 

 having been washed, and dried in the air without heat, is termed 

 moueAaeo in Brazil, motuaehe in the Antilles, and <v//>i/i in Cayenne. 

 This constitutes the Brazilian arrow-root of English commerce. When 

 this fecula is prepared by drying on hot plates, it becomes granular, 

 and is called tapioca. It occurs in irregular lumps or grains, and is 

 partially soluble in cold water. The granules, diffused through water, 

 and examined by the microscope, are of great uniformity of size, and 

 smaller than those of arrow-root from the Marantas. Tapioca is very 

 nutritious and easy of digestion, being free from all stimulating 

 qualities. It is therefore very necessary to distinguish it from an 

 artificial tapioca made with gum and potato starch, which is in larger 

 granules, whiter, more easily broken, and more soluble in cold water 

 tban the genuine. 



TAPl'I.Vii, or Paracent/sis (in Surgery), is the operation umially 

 employed for the removal of fluid from any of the serous cavities of 

 tfce body in which it has collected in a dangerous quantity. It is 

 aoaaplished by means of an instrument called a trocar, and a tube, or 

 canula, in which it exactly fit*. The trocar U of steel, cylindrical 



through the chief part of its length, and terminated by a thre. 

 pyramid which end* in a very sharp point. The canula being placed 

 upon iu shaft, the trocar is thrust into the cavity containing the fluid, 

 and being then withdrawn through the canula, the latter is retain. 1 in 

 the aperture till all the fluid is discharged. The diseases for which 

 tapping is chiefly performed are aacites, hydro thorax, hydrocele, and, 

 occasionally, hydrocephalus, and effusions > tlm<l <>n the pericardium. 



TAR. To give a concise definition of this f:uuili;ir substance is 

 difficult inasmuch as it varies in colour, composition, and consistence, 

 and is derived equally from the animal, vegcUblr, and i. 

 kingdoms. From the colourless oil-like NAPHTHA, on the one hand. to 

 the hard, black, resin -like BITI-MIN, or pitch, ..., the other, we have 

 mixtures of the two, containing more or less of either, and to which 

 the term tar is applied. 



Tar, then, U a coloured oleo-resin. Deposits of it are frequently met 

 with in nature, rarely however, in large quantities The most iinjmr- 

 tant basins of it are found in Burmah, especially at Rangoon, 

 about sixty feet deep, are sunk in the soil, and from their walls ooze* 

 out the tar and collects at the bottom ; it has a brownish green colour, 

 a goose-grease consistence, and is a mixture of several well .: 

 matters that will be referred to presently. Names, other than tor, 

 have been given to this naturally occurring oleo-resin. Thus, we have 

 r..<-/--'.,V or petroleum, blade naphtha, lii/uid pilch, liquid bitumen, ilaiil 

 Uf/i/inl', and mineral tar. 



But the vegetable kingdom is also a source of tar; indeed, it is the 

 most important one, and wood and coal are the members which \ield 

 it. In commerce we meet with wood-tar in barrels holding about 

 thirty gallons. Under the name of < n- it is imp >rti .i 



Russia, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and other n 

 Europe ; while that from the States of the New \V,.i i ashed 



as A merican tar. The wood, especially that of the root, of ; 

 kind most profitably used in the production of tar; and it is subjected 

 to a crude yet effective process of destructive distillation. A 

 neatly-trimmed hole of conical shape is made in a bank, hill 

 other sloping ground, and into this is lowered a fin:: 1 

 bundle of pine-billets. The wood being kindled the wh< 

 with turf. Slow partial combustion now goes on, the resin naturally 

 existing in the wood melts, is slightly decomposed and d'lk.-m.l in 

 colour by the heat, and flowing down to the bottom of tli.-h.-!.- is 

 there received in an iron dish having a long tubular spout which 

 conveys it a few feet through the ground to the month of tin- ' 

 the latter being placed for its reception in a cavity some two or three 

 yards lower down the slope. 



Coal-tar has already been treated of in a separate article [Co.n.- 

 T.M:. ] In appearance and complexity of composition it much re- 

 mineral and wood tar. 



Remembering the vegetable nature of coal, it is easy to conccix 

 the above-described varieties of tar have a common origin. Tin- pro 

 duction of, first, wood, then coal, and finally mineral tar are pos-ihly 

 sequential operations in nature which are simply hasten.. 1 l.y the 

 restless energy of man when, in the rude Macedonian fashion lie half 

 burns wood in the forest, or submits coal to destructive di.-t illation 

 aided by all the appliances of refined modern ingenuity. 



Animal tar has already been treated of [BoNF.-LtQt'OU.] 

 chiefly used for lubricating machinery. 



Pitch. When tar is heated in retorts it partially volatilises. The 

 first portions of the distillate constitute rrmlr ,i/i/i'/ia in 

 impure pi/roliyntoia (acetic) acid, and next H containing ;., 

 over; the residue in the retort i.-i ,//>,-/,, a hard. lila.'k, \ iuv.,u- rr in. 



Constituent* of Tar. By tedious processes of fractional 

 each portion of the distillate being redistilled and its ]ir.]n. 

 lected in several separate quantities, and these again r. 

 acted upon by powerful chemical reagents coal-tar has been shown to 

 consist of; first, a number of very inllatninalile li.|tii.l 

 either the elements carbon and hydrogen only, as CUMOM . !. 

 (from tl beautiful, and iriw fat) TOLI'OLK, and Xvi.ot.E; or OJ 

 also, as in KHKASOTE, CAPNOMOU (from *ain/is, smoke, and /uoy-i 

 and pitamar. The latter is an oily body, of bitter taste, and specific 

 gravity I'lO: it forms a crystalline compound with potash. The 

 second series contains solid bodies, namely, PAKAFFIX. XAFIITIIAI.IN 

 CEDRI RET, (from cedrium,tiie old name for "acid tar- water," and 

 net, in allusion to the reticulated appearance of its crystals). I' 

 CHHVSKX. PviiuXANTiiix and 1-illnriil . the latter has a deep blue 

 colour, and is insoluble in wat r. ,-dc..|j,il, .. r ether. The liquid called 



ti,i r lii/,a chiefly consists of hydro-carbon; the oilt contain tl > 



bodies; and pitch is a mixture of the various soli > with 



other fixed matters that are probably decomposed when distillation is 

 effected at very high temperatures, and which yield the charcoal tint 

 under these circumstances is always left in the retorts. 



Mineral tar and coal-tar have been proved to consist of the same 

 substances as wood-tar. As might be suspected, they contain less non- 

 volatile matter than wood-tar. 



Animal tar, besides the compounds already referred to, contains 

 Mr.Tim.AMixK, KTIIVI.AJIIXK and other bases of the same 

 ANII.IXK and its homologues ; and some nitrilcs of fatty a< 



TAKANTISMOS is the name given to a peculiar n. rv..n ai],,ii,,ii 

 which was long supposed to be the consequence of the Lit.- <,i the 

 Tarantula Spider. It seems to have occurred frequently in the king- 



