TARTA1US. 



TATTOO; 



in distressing way, *o that patients refuM to continue iU uac. This 

 plan has in many instances reclaimed individuals addicted to habitual 

 intoxication, to which thy have recourse to relieve a painful feeling uf 

 .inHtg ,n,l craving f the stomach, which u effectually removed by 

 the Mad draught This U also useful after an attack of Jtlirimii 

 trrmnu. 



Tartaric acid mten the circulation, and diffuses iUelf through Uie 

 whole bodr, and may be recognised in the urine, generally in com- 

 dilution, often with lime. Tartaric acid in much used to decompose 

 alkaline carbonate*, and form effervescing draughU, the employment of 

 which require! cautiun. [A>'TAC1D8.] 



TAKTAKL'S iTopra^oi) van, according to the notion* of the Oreelu 

 and Komana, a part of the lower world, .and was inaccessible to the 

 light of the sun and to the winds. Homer describes it as the place in 

 which the gods were punished ; as being as far below Hades as heaven 

 is above the earth, and as being provided with brazen gates at its 

 entrance. (' Iliad,' viii 13, 4c., 481.) Hesiod entertains on the whole 

 the same idea, but he adds that Tartarus is surrounded by a brazen 

 wall and triple night; the roots of the earth and the sea hang 

 down into it It is the prison of the Titans. (Hesiod, ' Tlieog.,' 720, 

 4c.) In later times Tartarus designated that part of the lower world 

 in which the shades of the wicked were punished (Plato, ' De Re 

 1'ubli.,' p. 616; Virgil, ' vKn.,' vi. 543), and the ideas then formed of 

 it were more awful than in earlier times. According to Virgil, the 

 road into the lower world was divided at a certain point into two 

 roads, the left of which led into Tartarus, which was surrounded by a 

 tri|'K- wall and the fiery river Phlegethon, and was closed with an 

 adamantine gate. At its outer side Tisiphone kept watch, and at 

 the inner side the tifty-headed hydra. Khadamauthug was the judge 

 in Tartarus, and at his command the Furies scourged the shades of 

 the wicked. 



TARTRALIC ACID. [TABTABIC Acir>.] 



TARTUAMIC ACID. [TARTABIC ACID.] 



TARTRAMIDK. ITARTAKIC ACID.] 



TARTRAMYLIC ACID. [TAKTABIC ACID.] 



TARTROULYCERIC ACID. [TABTAKIC At ID.] 



TAUTKOMETHYLIC ACID. [TAKTABIC ACID.] 



TAHTRONIC ACID. [TABTABIC ACID.] 



TARTROVINIC ACID. [TABTAHIC ACID.] 



TASTE, according to the definition of Sir Joshua Reynolds, " is 

 that act of the mind by which we like or dislike, whatever be the 

 subject" (' Discourses before the Royal Academy ; ' Discourse vii.) 



Taste is frequently spoken of as a gift, as something independent of 

 rules, a kind of instinct, bestowed more liberally in degree upon some 

 men than upon others. It has been treated by gome writers as the 

 result of caprice or fashion, as having no uniform or permanent prin- 

 ciples for the ground of its decisions. Others have resolved it into 

 different complex elements, whose joint development is determined by 

 certain principles of beauty or sublimity in things external. 



Much obscurity has arisen in discussions on the subject of taste 

 from the twofold sense in which the word taste has been employed, as 

 expressive of an emotion, and of something objective in which there 

 exists an aptitude to produce emotion. The term taste strictly applies 

 to the emotion only ; the theory of the different causes by which the 

 emotion is produced belongs to the subject of beauty or sublimity. In 

 what follows we shall confine ourselves to the explanation of taste in 

 it* restricted or proper sense. 



When any object either of sublimity or beauty is presented to 

 the mind, we are conscious of a train of thought being immediately 

 awakened analogous to the character or expression of the original ob- 

 ject The trains of thought which are thus suggested are distinguished 

 in the nature of the ideas or conceptions which compose them, and in 

 the nature or law of their succession, in the case of those trains of 

 thought which are suggested by objects either of sublimity or beauty, 

 they are in all cases composed of ideas capable of exciting some affec- 

 tion or emotion. There is this distinction between the emotions of 

 taste and all our different emotions of simple pleasure, that in the case 

 of these last emotions no additional train of thought is necessary. The 

 pleasurable feeling follows immediately the presence of the object or 

 quality, and has no dependence upon anything for its perfection but 

 the sound state of the sense by which it is received. The emotions of 

 "7. pity, benevolence, gratitude, utility, propriety, novelty, &c., might 

 undoubtedly be felt, although we had no such power of mind as that 

 by which we follow out a train of ideas, and certainly are felt in a 

 thousand cases when this faculty is unemployed. In the case of the 

 emotion of taste, on the other hand, it seems evident that this process 

 of mind is necessary, and that unless it is produced these emotions are 

 unfclt Whatever may be the nature of that simple emotion which 

 any object is fitted to excite, whether that of gaiety, tranquillity, 

 melancholy, Ac., if it produce not a train of kindred thought in our 

 minds, we are conscious only of that simple emotion. Whenever, 

 on the contrary, the train of thought which has been mentioned is 

 produced we are conscious of a higher and more pleasing en 

 and which, though it is impossible to describe in language, we yet 

 distinguish by the name of the emotion of taste. The emotions of 

 taste may therefore be considered as distinguished from the emotions 

 of simple pleasure, by their being dependent upon the exercise of our 



It is on this principle that Burke remarks that the excellence and 

 force of a composition must always be imperfectly estimated from its 

 effect on the minds of any. Ham kimw the temper and character 

 of those minds. (' Int. to the Sublime and Beautiful.') The rules by 

 which taste is determined vary with the objects to which its decisions 

 refer; but in respect of all, this general principle holds, that a cum- 

 iraoition is to be judged by its fitness to produce the end designed by 

 it. K..r a further discussion of the subject, see ^ESTHBTICS; BKAITV ; 



Si III 1MITV. 



TATTOOING is the name usually given to the custom, common 

 among many uncivilised tribes, of marking the akin by puncture* or 

 incisions, and introducing into them coloured fluids, so as to produce 

 an indelible stain. It is mentioned in Captain Cooks account ! Hi.- 

 South Sea islanders under the name tattuiciny ; and, with trilling dif- 

 ference in the orthography, the same name is applied by English 

 writers to similar practices among other people. The word " tattoo " 

 appears to be formed by a reduplication of a Polynesian verb " ta," 

 meaning to strike, and therefore to allude to the method of performing 

 the operation, and, if this supposition be correct, it has a curious 

 resemblance to the English word tattoo, meaning a particular beat of 

 the drum. 



From a passage in the book of Leviticus, chap, xix., v. 28, in which 

 the Israelites are forbidden to make any cuttings in their flesh for thr 

 dead, or to print any marly upon their bodies, it has been supposed 

 that some custom resembling tattooing was practised in the time of 

 Moses. It is also an Oriental custom, and among people whose prox- 

 imity to the Hebrews affords a reason for the prohibition containwl in 

 the text referred to. " The Bedouin Arabs, and those inhabitants of 

 towns who are in any way allied to them," observes the editor of the 

 ' Pictorial Bible,' on the passage in Leviticus, "are scarcely Kv 

 of such decorations than any islanders of the Pacific Ocean. This in 

 particularly the case among the females, who, in general, have tlu-ir 

 legs and arms, their front from the neck to the waist, and even their 

 chins, lips, and other prominent parts of the face marked with blue 

 stains in the form of flowers, circles, bands, stars, and various fanciful 

 figures. They have no figures of living objects, such being forbidden 

 by their religion; neither do they associate any superstitions with 

 them, so far as we are able to ascertain." Thu works of ancient 

 writers contain many notices of the practice of tattooing, as practised 

 by several barbarous races. As to the Britons, Cassar merely mentions 

 their custom of staining their bodies with vitrum, or woad; but 

 Solinus and Isidore describe a process exactly resembling the uiiulcni 

 mode of tattooing. Herodotus says, that among the Thracians to be 

 tattooed or marked (TT/X*<") was an emblem of rank, and the want of 

 it indicated meanness of descent (v. 6). The extended use of clothing 

 at a later period rendered such ornaments superfluous, and led to the 

 decline and subsequent abandonment of the practice. It appears, 

 however, to have been continued during the whole of t*e Anglo-Saxon 

 period, and is among the English vices reprobated by William of 

 Malmesbury after the Nonnan conquest Several other ancient notices 

 on the subject are collected by Lafitau, in his ' Moeurs des Sauvage* 

 Ameriquaines.' 



In modern times the custom of tattooing has been found in most of 

 the islands of the Pacific Ocean, and among many of the aboriginal 

 tribes of Africa and America, as well as, on a limited scale, as before 

 stated, in the East It is also practised by the Tunguses on the banks 

 of the Amur, as stated by Atkinson in his ' Travels in the Regions of the 

 Upper and Lower Amoor.' Much curious information on the various 



llrid of Shungic, from carving by hluuclf. 



kinds of tattooing is collected in the volume on the ' New Z>-.il.i])il. r-.' 

 in the ' Library of Entertaining Knowledge.' Of the character of tin- 



