TEA/.I.K. 



Hi- 



on th other *id, it may be observed, that wherever arable hod ii the 

 .hirf - l.j.vt i.f the farmer's attentinn, and the tillage of the soil i* 

 brought to any degree of perfection, there oxen are nerer *en at 

 work. but have been invariably uper*eded by active hone*. Oxen u 

 draught animali are almost invariably part of a sluggish agriculture ; 

 and though -led costly themselves, yet teaching Blow and dilatory 

 movement to everything about them, their UM for tillage operations in 

 everywhere diminishing. 



Aa to the coat of hone* per annum, the following mny suffice, In 

 the oM mode of feeding, with aa much hay M they would eat, and 

 two bushel* of oat* for each hone per week, during at least nine 

 months in the year, and giving them tares or artificial grasses between 

 upring sowing and harvest, when there was lew to be done, the expense 

 of a horse was much greater than most farmers could now afford ; and 

 more land was devoted to the keep of the team than was necessary. 

 The following U the calculation of the cost of the keep of a horse in 

 this way : 



fi -. 



Si weeks st > baduU of oats per week, at 3. M. per bu.hrl 1 1 4 

 to wt*k, it I badwl of ou per week, st 3. td. per ba.hrl . 110 

 Tares, *t., to weeks, st 6*. (1 ewi. d.iljr, st M.) > 

 lUv, 11 werlu, stoat 1 J evt. weekly, at ii. per cwt. . 1 



rrri.r 



1* 

 * 



ToUl 



. . 28 6 



The hay and oats are at high prices, but at all events a hone 

 rannot be kept in this way under 10j. per week. They are then, 

 however, in excellent condition, and able to work ten hours per day in 

 -mnmer and eight in winter. 



The uae of bruised corn and carrot*, and mangold-wurzel and chaff 

 ,<f hay and straw, secures a considerable economy ; and taking smith, 

 farrier, harness, and depreciation of value t/. per annum) into account, 

 the cost per horse should not be more than 801. a year. In fact, on 

 Jl farms, the details of which have been given by Mr. Morton in the 

 Agricultural Society's ' Journal,' 282 homes working 8851 arable and 

 2549 pasture acres, coat 7M3/. 8*. per annum, or about 2fi/. 12*. apiece. 

 In this, the wages of team-men had to be added, nearly 13,00"/.. in 

 : to find the cost of borne-labour per annum. 



<>f great importance to a person about to hire a farm to know 

 exactly what number of horses will be required for iU proper cultiva- 

 tion, and this depends upon many circumstances, which must all be 

 taken into consideration, and which will make a very material differ- 

 ence, often as much as half the rent of the land. He U to consider 

 the situation of the farm-buildings, especially the stalls and cattle- 

 yards, where the manure U to be made, with respect to their distance 

 from the fields ; the state of the roads and the access to the fields ; the 

 distance of a good market-town, and whether the fields lie in a ring- 

 fence or are scattered. A farm of good light loam will require one 

 hurse for every thirty-five acres for its cultivation. The larger the 

 farm, or rather the fields, the fewer hones are required in proportion 

 to iU size, because much time is lost in tinning the plough where the 

 furrow is short ; and ploughing is always the principal work of the 

 team. If more than two horses are required to plough the ground, 

 the soO mui-t be very compact and heavy, and if this is not compen- 

 sated by greater fertility, the expense of the hones will much reduce 

 the profit of the fanner. The work in the field when the days are 

 long should be divided so as to give the hone* at least two hours' rest, 

 during which they should be fed with com. When the fields are 

 near the stables the horses may be brought home, but a portable 

 manger is eaxily carried into the field, such as in used at the inns 

 no the roads where carriers atop to biut In winter it may be as 

 well to finish the day's work with only an interval of half an huur. 

 The time in summer should be frum .mine till 10, and 



from 2 till 7 if the weather U very warm, i hours; or 



from till 11 and from 1 till 8, resting two noun. In winter the limn 

 : S, resting half an hour or an hour U-tw-en 11 and 12. 

 .- ! feeding and grooming this is by no means too hard work 

 when the work requires to be carried on briskly. The heavier and 

 kind of work should be so arranged that when hones have 

 1 1, .id for a day or two, they may have QJU- or two days of 

 lighter work. In most parts of England the pace m the hones and 

 thoir daily work are much lean than in ScntUixl ; two hone- 

 plough an acre a day or more, on an avenge, but few fanncn can get 

 much more accomplished than three-quarters of an acre, if they plough 

 a good depth <>r break up clover or grass lays. In the light sands of 

 Norfolk and Lincolnshire they go over much ground : ' 

 ftim>wa art- wi If and shallow, and the horses might easily trot with 

 the I.I..UK' -hmao could keep up with them. 



r*IUm*m) U a plant which grows wild in the 



hedge*, but an improved variety is carefully cultivated in those 

 district* of England where cloth f. manufactured. It is im.il 

 purpose of forming a species of brush with which the finer bain of 

 the woollen fabric are drawn to the surface, where they produce what 

 U usually called the o/> of the clnth. Several attempts hare been 

 mad* to substitute artificial teaile*, formed of hooks of very fine and 

 slsMle steel wire ; and at one time there was so much appearance of 

 success, M to caoM the cultivation of teaile* to be neglected : but it 



was soon found that the wires tore the fine fibre* of the wool, 

 especially where there were knot* in the thread, whereas the hooks of 

 the teazles gave way. and either bent or broke off before the fibre 

 of the wool was injured. 



Teazles grow strongest and beat in a stiff loam. They require the 

 soil to be in good heart, and are supposed to exhaust it much ; lint 

 no great portion of manure U required to obtain a good crop. Thn 

 growing of teazles is a peculiar trade. The teazle-grower hires a piece 

 of ground suited to his purpose from the farmer for two yean, and 

 pays a considerable rent If the ground U broken up from grass, it in 

 ploughed as deep as the staple of the soil permits, and as early as 

 possible, if before winter so much the better : the ground is laid in 

 narrow stitches, on which the seed is sown in April, in rows f i 

 to 18 inches apart : moisture is necessary to make the wed germinate. 

 A* soon aa the plants appear, they are thinned out, and the interval* 

 carefully hoed and weeded. During the summer, the ground is several 

 times dug, or tpaded, as it is called, to a considerable depth, with 

 very narrow and long spades ; this greatly invigorates the plant". I M 

 November, plants may be transplanted from where they stand too thick 

 to the places where they have failed, and also to other land cultivated 

 for the crop. They should stand about a foot apart in the rows. 

 During the ensuing spring, the cultivation is repeated. They soon 

 begin to push up their steins, and are fit to be cut in July, jurt hen 

 the blossom has fallen. As they do not come to proper maturity at 

 the same time, several successive gatherings are made 'I" 

 with a sharp knife about nine inches below the head, an. I tinl in small 

 bundles or handfuls : thick gloves are very necessary in this op. 

 They must be carried under cover before night, as the rains or heavy 

 dews would injure them. When the sun shines, they are exposed to 

 dry in the same manner as is done with onion seed, and they are never 

 packed close until they are perfectly dry. When drying they are 

 usually hung on poles ; so that the air may circulate between the. 

 bundle*. The bundles are afterwards opened, and the teazle* sorted 

 into kings, middlings and scrubs, according to their size ; 9000 kings 

 or iv.'Mio middlings make a pack. 



Teazles are a very precarious crop ; sometimes they produce a very 

 great profit, and at other times a serious loss. Care and cultivation 

 lessen the chance* of failure greatly : but the price also fluctuates so 

 much that it is an uncertain speculation, resembling in this respect the 

 cultivation of hop*. Hence it is undertaken by men who are prepared 

 for the event, and who make the profits of one year repay the loss of 

 another. A good crop of teazles is about 10 or 12 packs on an acre : 

 this is sometimes exceeded, but more often it fails by one-half, ami 

 a total failure is not uncommon. The price may average 51. or fil. a 

 pack, so that a good crop is worth more than the land it grew ou ; 

 the expenses, however, are large. Although teazles are said to exhaust 

 the ground much, yet from the continual stirring of the soil they 

 render it very fit to grow other crops, provided a proper quantity of 

 manure is used : thus very good crops of wheat 'have been obtained 

 after a crop of teazles. 



TEETH, DISEASES OF THE. The teeth like otherorgans of the 

 body, are subject to a variety of diseased conditions. For pi 

 purposes they may he divided into 1. Disorders attending dentition 

 or the cutting of the teeth ; 2. Diseases of the teeth themselves ; 

 3. Diseases of the gums and alveolar processes. 



Ditetaa of Dtnlitimi. The eruption of the temporary or milk-teeth 

 is a natural process after birth [DENTITION, DISEASES or ; and TEETH, 

 NAT. HIST Div.]. The order in which the milk-teeth appear after 

 birth is subject to considerable variations. Although dentition is a 

 natural process, it is frequently attended with nv.rliid conditions. 

 Prior to the appearance of a tooth the gum above it increases in 

 breadth, becomes swollen, and is hot to the touch. There ia an 

 increased flow of saliva, which comes out of the mouth ; the child 

 thrusts whatever may be placed in its hands into its mouth. It is 

 more fretful than usual, has sudden fits of crying, and starts in its 

 deep. The cheeks are flushed, the bowels are irregular, and its food is 

 often thrown off its stomach. It not (infrequently happens that a dry 

 cough is present, and sometimes even severe derangement of the 

 nervous system. 



In the 'irratmtnl of these symptoms little more in needed than to 

 regulate the state of the bowels, and to prevent the child overloading 

 it* stomach with milk. It should not IK' put to the bre.v 



is Kick, but cows' milk, with A little water and migar, may bo 



substituted for its mother's milk. When convulsion* occur and 



ly arise from the irritation of tlie gums, a free incision of tin 



gum OVIT III" pre.wng tooth will often give great and immediate relief. 



I so far an to | 



obvious inflammatory M -.mrso may !.< had to lancing tlie 



gums. In this operation care should always bo taken to di\M. ti.c 

 gum down to the surface of the pressing totl>. 



Sum-time* instead of inflammation of the jaws there is an excessive 

 hardness or induration of the gums. In this case there is great irri- 

 tability and restlessness, with other (ymptoms of derangem. nt of ii,,. 

 system, which can only bo removed by dividing the indurated gums 

 freely down to the pressing tooth. 



During the presence of the milk-teeth, they ami the gum* arc 

 subject to the same diseases a* the permanent teeth in after life. 

 They are however subject to one form of disease which Is peculiar t o 



