128 



TEMPLE. 



TEMPLE. 



130 



The question of the guilt or innocence of the Templars has been 

 much discussed in modern times ; and although it may be said to be 

 now almost universally admitted that the particular charges upon 

 which they were condemned were for the most part entirely unfounded, 

 some attempts have been made to show the probability that the order 

 nevertheless was held together by certain secret principles or doctrines 

 which made its existence dangerous to society, and called for its sup- 

 pression. Von Hammer, for instance, in a disquisition printed in the 

 sixth volume of his ' Mines de 1'Orient,' has attempted to convict the 

 order of a participation in the apostacy, idolatry, and impiety of the 

 Gnostics and Ophianites. Von Hammer's Essay was answered by 

 M. liaynouard, in a long note printed in the fifth volume of Michaud's 

 ' Histoire des Croisades,' &c. ; and also in two articles in the ' Journal 

 des Savans' for March and April, 1819 ; and in two others published 

 in the ' Bibliotheque Universelle,' torn. x. The documents relating to 

 the condemnation of the Templars were first published in a work 

 entitled ' Traitez concernant la Condemnation des Templiers,' par M. 

 Du Puy, 8vo, Paris, 1654 ; reprinted, with additions, under the title 

 of ' Histoire de la Condemnation des Templiers,' &c., par Pierre Du 

 Puy, 2 vols. 8vo, Bruxelles, 1713 ; and under that of ' Histoire de 

 1'Ordre Militaire des Templiers, avec les Pieces Justificatives,' 4to, 

 Bruxelles, 1751. Other works on the subject are ' Nicolai Giirtleri 

 Historia Templariorum,' 8vo, Amst., 1691, and, with large additions, 

 1703; 'Christian! Thomasii Dissertatio de Templariorum Equitum 

 Ordine Sublato,' 4to, Halae, 1705 ; Raynouard, ' Monumens Historiques 

 relatifs a la Condamnation des Templiers,' 8vo, Paris, 1813 ; Munter, 

 ' Statutenbuch des Ordens der Tempelherren ; ' Wilike, ' Geschichte 

 des Tempelherrenordens ; ' and ' The History of the Knights Templars, 

 the Temple Church, and the Temple,' by C. G. Addison, 4to, London, 

 1842. 



TEMPLE (the Latin " Templum") a building set apart for religious 

 uses. What is known of the columnar architecture of the nations 

 of antiquity is derived chiefly from their temples. In the temples of 

 the Egyptians, it may be said to display itself exclusively, and like- 

 wise much more extensively than in the temples of the Greeks or 

 Romans, with this further difference as regards the general design 

 and character, that in the Egyptian edifices the columns are placed 

 illy, that is, so as to form colonnades along the sides of an 

 enclosed fore-court, and the portal or frontispiece of the temple itself. 

 Of this disposition of the entire plan, with a walled-in cortile or 

 cloister, an example is shown in EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE. To that 

 article and the articles GREEK ARCHITECTURE and HUMAN ARCHITEC- 

 TURE we refer for other particulars relative to Egyptian temples and 

 some of the characteristic differences between them and those of the 

 Greeks and Romans; and to NINEVEH, ARCHITECTURE op, for notices 

 of the temple-palaces of the Assyrians ; and proceed to give in this 

 place some further particulars respecting the temples of Greece and 

 Rome. 



Instead of being composed of a variety of parts grouped and com- 

 bined together, Grecian temples consist only of a simple parallelogram, 

 a ctlla, or body of the temple itself, either in antit, or else peripteral, 

 that is, entirely surrounded with an external colonnade ; for to these 

 two distinctions may be reduced all those subordinate ones for which 

 separate technical terms have been invented : but whatever be their 

 technical designation the general shape and outline still remains a simple 

 unbroken parallelogram, either with or without external colonnades 

 along its sides. Still simple as are the plans of Grecian temples, there 

 are many terms required to express their varieties in regard to the 

 application of columns, beside* those denoting the number of columns 

 in front, that is, beneath the pediment. Thus, if there were columns 

 only in front, the building was termed proitylc ; if at each end, amphi- 

 proitijle ; if there were also colonnades along the sides, it was said to 

 be peripteral, that is, with wings (aisles) or colonnades quite round 

 it. When there were two rows of columns, one behind the other, it 

 was termed dipteral. Again, where a range of columns was placed 

 between ante, forming the extremities of walls at right angles with 

 such colonnade, it was said to be in antin. This was generally the case 

 with the pronaos, the vestibule or inner portico behind the columns in 

 front. According to the number of columns in front, porticos are 

 said to be tetrattyle, that is, with four columns ; hexattylc, with six ; 

 oftattyle, with eight ; deeattyle, with ten ; and tioderattyle, with twelve, 

 the greatest number that can very well be brought beneath a pedi- 

 ment ; and even of these two last the examples are exceedingly rare. 

 If instead of columns at the angles there were ante, then the number 

 of columns alone was reckoned as before, and would denominate what 

 would be equivalent to a portico containing two more : thus a diityle 

 in a a tin, that is, two columns between two ante, would be equal to a 

 tetrastyle, as in both there would be three intercolumns ; a tetrattyle 

 I would be equal to a hexastyle, and BO on. When the cella was 

 without a roof, and in part, at least, open to the sky, the temple was 

 termed hypttthral. 



The following diagrams will render these terms more intelligible, 

 and at the same time serve as examples of the different forms of plan 

 as regards mlumniatum, or the arrangement of the columns. 



Though so exceedingly small as to show little more than the position 

 of the columns, without any regard to exactness in other respects, 

 these slight diagrams will both serve to render evident many circum- 

 stances that cannot else be fully explained .inilalso to exemplify the 



ARTS AMD SCI. DIV. VOL. VTn. 



respective denominations of temples and porticos according to the 

 number of columns in front. The one " in antis" is a distijlc in anlis, 

 there being only two columns between the antic, or three intercolumus, 



MONOPTER AL 



DIPTE RAl. 



as in the two tetrastyle examples (prostyle and amphiprostyle) ; 

 whereas were there four columns between the ante, it would become 

 tetrattyle in antii, and have as many intercolumns as a hexasti/le, of 

 which last the peripteral figure is an example. The dipteral and 

 pseudo-dipteral are both octattylet ; and the hypaethral a dccastyle. This 

 last may also be taken as an example (though au imperfect one) of a 

 diprottytt, for it will be seen that if the portico were a mere prostyle, 

 it would project forward two intercolumns from the body of the 

 temple. In this figure the pronaos may also be termed poll/style, on 

 account of the great number of columns in successive rows between 

 the side walls enclosing that part of the plan (pronaos), which may bo 

 described as a dipteral or double tetrtutyle in antii, having a distyle in 

 antis behind it, and a diproetyU decaityle in front of it. 



Still there is no variety whatever as to external form, no individual 

 character as to outline or even the general proportions, nothing of 

 combination or of design, as the List term is usually understood ; but 

 the difference of effect depended altogether upon the actual dimen- 

 sions of the structures, upon material and execution, upon circum- 

 stances of detail and finish, and on the degree and particular kind of 

 decoration in regard to sculpture and polyohromic embellishment. 

 The only instance of combination and grouping is that afforded by 

 the Erechtheion, or triple temple on the Acropolis at Athens, which 

 has two distinct porticos, namely, an Ionic hexastyle monoprostyle at 

 its east end, and a tetrastyle diprostyle of the same order on its north 

 side, and upon a lower level ; besides which there is a smaller attached 

 or projecting structure at the south-west angle, forming a tetrastyle 

 diprostyle arrangement of caryatic figures, raised upon a screen-wall or 

 podium. In this combination no regard has been paid to symmetry ; 

 for which reason however it is the more striking, as forming a decided 

 contrast to the unvaried and even monotonous uniformity pervading 

 the temple-architecture of the Greeks. It is almost the only Grecian 

 structure that can be said to be as much distinguished by picturesque- 

 ness as by elegance of architectural detail. This edifice moreover 

 affords almost the only instance in the Grecian style of distinct 

 porticos or prostyles projecting from a building [PORTICO], other 

 porticos being either in antit, so as to be revested within the main walls 

 forming the sides of the edifice ; or are only the end or ends of the 

 colonnades continued throughout the whole exterior : consequently in 

 neither case does such portico show itself as an actual prostyle. The 

 only other known examples of Greek prostyles are the two small Ionic 

 temples at Athens, that on the banks of the Ilissus, called the temple 

 of Panops ; and that- dedicated to Nike Apteros, or Wingless Victory. 

 Both these were amphiprostyle, and not in antii, consequently harl a 

 projecting portico at each end ; and in both the porticos were tetra- 

 style. Of the former nothing now remains, but it is well known from 



