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height of the luun ImiMing, iu whoso walls, above, there was there- 

 fore room for the splayed windows which gave light to the tempi--. 



The acred utetuil* were of the nine description and occupied the 

 aune relative noution as iu the tabernacle : but some of them were 

 large*, w the altar, candlestick, &o., in proportion to the more extensive 

 establishment to which they belonged. The principal of the new 

 utetuils was the great brazen laver for ablution*, which rested on the 

 back* of twelve oxen of the same metal. 



The inner sanctuary was separated from the holy place by a rich 

 curtain or veil. The whole of the interior was wainscoted with cedar, 

 carved with figures of cherubim, palm-trees, and flowers, and then 

 overlaid with the finest gold. The doors were also covered with gold : 

 all the utensils in the house were of that metal ; and even the floor 

 appears to have been overlaid with gold (1 Kings, vi. 30). It is this 

 lavish expenditure of precious metal upon the building, and the 

 elaborate workmanship bestowed upon it, which, rather than its 

 architectural effect, accounts for the reports of its surpassing magnifi- 

 cence, and for the immense wealth consumed in its erection. The 

 popular impression concerning it, however, being based rather 

 upon the exaggerated statements of Josephus than upon the more 

 sober accounts in Scripture, does, no doubt, greatly exceed the truth. 

 More might be said of its richness than of its grandeur. Its wealth is 

 indeed attested by the spoliations of successive kings and conquerors ; 

 and it may be well to remember that this was not, as in other nations, 

 one of many temples, but was the sole temple of the whole nation, and 

 in the production of which the whole nation could therefore concen- 

 trate its resources. 



The Temple of Solomon retained its pristine splendour only for 

 forty yean, when its treasures were plundered by Shishak, king of 

 Egypt. After undergoing various other profanations and pillages, it 

 was finally destroyed by the Chaldieans under Nebuchadnezzar, B.C. 

 588, after having stood 417 yearn. After the Captivity, the temple 

 was rebuilt, on the same plan, and on a more extensive scale, but with 

 greatly diminished splendour. This temple stood until some years 

 before the birth of Christ, when Herod the Great, to propitiate his 

 subjects, whom most of the measures of his reign had tended to 

 exasperate, undertook to rebuild it on a larger scale and with greater 

 magnificence. In nine years, during which 80,000 workmen were 

 constantly employed, he accomplished his original design; and pro- 

 duced a fabric, which, while the same in its essential characteristics, 

 much supsssed the Temple of Solomon in extent and architecture, 

 although the precious metal may have been less lavishly displayed in 

 the interior decorations. Many years after, the Jews kept workmen 

 employed in embellishing the pile, and in the erection of additional 

 buildings (John, ii. 20). In A.D. 64, nothing remained to be done ; but 

 six years later (A.D. 70) the temple and city were involved in one 

 common ruin. 



TENACITY (from the Latin lenacitat, " the power of holding "), a 

 property of material bodies by which their parts resist an effort to force 

 them asunder. 



This property is the result of the corpuscular forces acting within 

 the insensible spaces supposed to exist between the particles of bodies ; 

 it is consequently different in different materials, and in the same 

 material it varies with the state of the body with respect to tempera- 

 ture and other circumstances. 



Those corpuscular forces consist of attractions which vary according 

 to unknown laws with the distances of the particles from one another, 

 and even at certain distances they become repulsions [ATTRACTION] ; 

 lint in all bodies except the elastic fluids, the combined actions of all 

 the particles produce that coherence which constitutes the tenacity of 

 the manias. In those fluids the particles have no coherence, and when 

 the pressures to which they are subject are removed, those particles 

 immediately separate from each other with forces depending, probably, 

 upon the quantity of caloric with which they are combined. In non- 

 elastic fluids and in solids, tenacity exists, but in very different degrees ; 

 its force depending upon differences in the intensity of the attracting 

 powers between the particle*, upon differences in the distances of the 

 particles themselves, upon the action of the caloric, and, in some rases, 

 upon variations in the pressure of the atmosphere. 



The molecules of liquids adhere to one another, and generally to 

 those of solid bodies, by attractive forces which decrease very rapidly ; 

 and, at insensible djsfrmcms from the supposed places of contact, the 

 adhesion entirely disappears [CAPILLARY ATTRACTION] : the real 

 tenacity of the molecules being, as Dr. Young observes, equal to the 

 excess of their mutual attractions above the forces of repulsion arising 

 from the actions of the calorific particles. It is on account of the 

 mJl distance to which the attractions of the fluid molecules extend, 

 and to the freedom with which the particles move on one another, that 

 olds appear to have so little tenacity ; but from the weight of water- 

 support in glass tubes. Dr. Hobison has estimated that the mutual 

 attractions of the particles of water on a surface equal to one square 

 inch must far exceed 190 pounds. 



drain* of dust or sand, while dry, have no power of adhering toge- 

 ther, probably because their forms do not permit a sufficient number 

 of point* on their surface* to be brought within the distance at which 

 corpuscular attraction* take place ; bat, if slightly wetted, the mutual 

 attraction* between the dust and the liquid produce a certain degree of 

 tenacity. This is very sensible in clay moistened with water; for, 



being then drawn into the form of a rod, it is capable of bearing a 

 small weight suspended from it. Tenacity exists in various degrees in 

 viscid fluids, as oil, gum dissolved in water, Ac. Sealing-wax and glass 

 also, when heated, loee their brittieneas, and acquire plasticity, whereby 

 they become capable of being moulded into any form, while their par- 

 ticles retain a considerable degree of adhesive power. 



The tenacity of solids constitutes, in part, the subject of the power 

 of bodies to resist strains; and under MATERIALS, STRENGTH or, will 

 be found a table of the weights which would overcome the force of 

 cohesion in rods immoveably fixed at one end and pulled in the direc- 

 tion of their length. Those weights may be considered as the measures 

 of tenacity in the different kinds of material ; and it may be added 

 that, from a mean of several experiments made by Telford on the 

 tenacity of forged iron, the breaking strength, when reduced to that 

 which it would be if the area of a transverse section of the bars had 

 been one square inch, is 29} tons. The bars were cylinders or paral- 

 lelopipeds varying in length from 1 foot 5 inches to 2 feet 3 inches, 

 and in area of section from 0-56 to 3-14 square inches : they stretched 

 in length from two inches to four inches before they broke. Telford 

 found, also, that a bar of cast-steel bore, suspended from it, 27"92 tons, 

 a bar of blistered steel 17'27 tons, and of cast-iron (Welsh pig) 7'2'i 

 tons ; the area of the section in all being one square inch. Tenacity 

 in solid bodies varies greatly with their temperature. Coulomb took a 

 piece of copper-wire, which, when cool, carried 22 Ibs. suspended from 

 it ; and, upon bringing it to a white heat, it would scarcely bear 

 12 Ibs. 



Though, when a piece of metal is fractured, the parts will not by 

 simple adjunction adhere together, yet, in some cases, by hammering 

 them upon one another, so many points on their surfaces way be 

 brought within the limits to which the force of cohesion extends, that 

 they will acquire a tenacity equal to that which the metal had in it* 

 natural state. 



The tenacity of wood is much greater in the direction of the length 

 of its fibres than in the transverse direction, the fibres being united by 

 a substance having little cohesive power. Few experiments have been 

 made on the tenacity of wood perpendicularly to its grain, as it is 

 called ; and from those of Mr. Emerson it appears to vary from one- 

 tenth to one-seventh of the tenacity in the other direction. When a 

 strain takes place in the direction of the fibres, they become disengaged 

 from one another, and thus lose the strength which arises from their 

 lateral cohesion. They then become subject to separate strains ; the 

 weaker ones are first ruptured, and at length all give way, leaving an 

 irregular surface of fracture. [ADHESION.] 



With respect to metals, the processes of forging and wire-drawing 

 increase their tenacity in the longitudinal direction ; the augmentation 

 of friction and lateral cohesion, arising from the particles being forced 

 together in the transverse direction, more than compensates for the 

 diminution of the attraction which may result from the particles being 

 forced or drawn farther asunder longitudinally. Copper and iron have 

 their tenacity more than doubled, while gold, silver, brass, and lead 

 have it more than tripled by those metals being drawn into wire. 



Mixed metals have, iu general, greater tenacity than those which are 

 simple : the tenacity varies with the different proportions in which the 

 metals are mixed ; and the proportions which produce the greatest 

 strength are different in different metals. The only experiments on 

 this subject with which we are acquainted are those of Muschenbroek ; 

 and from these we find that a compound of which J were gold and 1 

 copper, had a tenacity, or force of cohesion, more than double that of 

 the gold or copper alone : brass, composed of copper and zinc, had a 

 tenacity more than double that of the copper, and nearly twenty times 

 as great as that of the zinc : a metal of which J were block-tin ami 

 J lead, had a strength more than double that of the tin ; and a mixture 

 of which J were lead and { zinc, had a tenacity nearly double that of 

 the zinc, and nearly five times as great as that of the lead alone. 



TKN'AI I.I.K, in Fortification, is a rampart raised in the main ditch, 

 immediately in front of the curtain between two bastions ; and iu its 

 most simple form, it consists of two faces coinciding in direction with 

 the faces of the bastions, and, consequently, forming with each other 

 a re-entering angle. Generally, however, it consists of three faces, of 

 which two have the directions just mentioned, and the third forms a 

 curtain which is parallel to that of the enceinte. See v, fiy, 1, B \ 

 and r (in the plan), FORTIFICATION. 



This work was originally proposed by Vauban, in order to serve i he 

 purpose, in part, of a fauase-braye [FAUSSE-BBAYK], since the fires of 

 musketry on its faces may bo employed, in conjunction with those of 

 artillery and musketry on the flanks of the bastions, to oppose the pas- 

 sage of the enemy across the main ditch when about to mount a lireaeh 

 in the ramparts of the place. 



The relief of the tenaille, or the elevation of its crest above the 

 bottom of the ditch, is determined consistently with the intention <-i 

 thus defending the main ditch ; and in order that the defenders of the 

 tenaillo may not be injured by the shot fired over their heads, from 

 the flanks of the bastions, it is usual to make the crest of that \\ork 

 coincide with a horizontal plane passing three or four feet below the 

 point where a line of fire from one of those flanks would cut a vertical 

 plane, bisecting the angle of the tenaille or its curtain. The height 

 thus determined will allow the parapet of the work to be elevated 

 from two to four feet above the terreplein of the ravelin in its front ; 



