137 



TENAILLON. 



TENANT AND LANDLORD. 



138 



and, consequently, from the curtain of the tenaille a grazing fire of 

 musketry might be employed to protect the interior of the ravelin, or 

 of its reduit, if there is one, should the defenders of either of those 

 works abandon it (in consequence of an assault being made) before the 

 enemy has time to cover himself in it by a lodgment : that fire will 

 also contribute powerfully to prevent the enemy from attempting to 

 enter the ravelin by its gorge. 



Vauban, at first, gave to his tenailles short flanks nearly parallel to 

 those of the bastions, but he soon abandoned that construction, per- 

 ceiving that though the defenders might thus fire correctly along the 

 main ditch, yet the parapets of those flanks were liable to be destroyed 

 by the fire from the enemy's counter-batteries [H, Jig. 1, BASTIOX], and 

 they were enfiladed from the rampart of the ravelin (q), or from the 

 glacis of the places of arms (L). 



Besides affording additional fires for the defence of the main ditch, 

 the tenaille serves to cover, in part, the revetment of the curtain in its 

 rear, and prevent it from being breached by fire from any lodgments 

 of the enemy on the glacis. Its parapet serves also to mask the 

 postern in the curtain of the enceinte, which would otherwise be so 

 much exposed to the fires from the counter-batteries, that the de- 

 fenders might be unable to communicate through it with the outworks. 

 On this account the breadth of the ditch between the curtain of the 

 tenaille and that of the enceinte is made such only as to allow the 

 parapet of the former, with the relief determined as above-mentioned, 

 to conceal the postern from the view of the enemy on the glacis. This 

 ditch is advantageous in preventing the defenders of the tenaille from 

 being injured by the splinters which may be detached from the flanks 

 and curtain behind it ; and, when dry, it serves to cover bodies of 

 troops which may issue from thence and attack the enemy while 

 crossing the main ditch, previously to making an assault. If the main 

 ditch contains water, the tenaille serves to cover the boats and rafts by 

 which the defenders of the enceinte communicate with the outworks. 



The tenaille has been considerably improved by Bousmard, who, 

 returning, in one respect, to the original idea of Vauban, has given 

 flanks to the work in order that the main ditch may be directly de- 

 fended by them. These flanks are raised high enough to cover the 

 revetments of the flanks of the bastions, while their upper surfaces 

 may be grazed by a fire of artillery from thence ; and, instead of being 

 formed with open terrepleins, and parapets for musketry, as usual, 

 each flank of the tenaille is provided with casemates, or vaults, for 

 four pieces of artillery which are placed nearly on a level with the 

 terreplein of the covered-way. These guns are consequently capable 

 of being directed against the counter-batteries (H) of the enemy, as 

 well as of defending the foot of a breach in the face of the bastion. 



This construction was adopted by Chasseloup de Laubat in the 

 tenailles of the detached works which he executed about Alessandria, 

 in Italy, when Napoleon (after the battle of Marengo) proposed to 

 make that city the base of his operations beyond the Alps. But, in 

 order to avoid the mischief which results from a fire directed against 

 casemates (the shot in striking the cheeks or sides of the embrazures 

 detaching from them splinters, which being driven into the vault do 

 more injury to the defenders than the shot itself), this engineer raised 

 before each flank of the tenaille a mass of earth which was reveted 

 with brickwork, and perforated in such directions that, in defending 

 the ditch, the shot from the casemates could be fired through the 

 apertures, while the man (erred as a mask which would prevent the 

 enemy from seeing the embrazures in the flanks of the tenaille. 



Any work belonging either to permanent or field fortification, which, 

 on the plan, consists of a succession of lines forming salient and re- 

 entering angles alternately, is said to be d tenaille. 



TKNAI1.I.UN, or Great Tenaille, in Fortification, is a species of 

 exterior work which has been occasionally constructed before the faces 

 of a small ravelin, with a view of increasing the strength of the latter, 

 procuring additional space beyond the ditch, or covering the shoulders 

 of the bastions. They were invented by Vauban, who, however, very 

 seldom constructed them; and subsequent engineers have generally 

 considered them as inferior in defensive qualities to a counterguard 

 [<J Q, FORTIFICATION, fiy., cols. 171-172,] placed over the faces and 

 xilient angle of the ravelin. 



The form and position of a tenaillon may be understood, Y being 

 supposed to represent a small ravelin, if beyond the ditch of the latter 

 the ramparts of the right and left faces be produced till each of them 

 meets a rampart nearly perpendicular to the face of the bastion and 

 extending to the place of meeting from the counterscarp of the main 

 ditch at a point opposite the middle of that face. The works thus 

 formed, one over each face of the ravelin Y, constitute a tenaillon ; 

 before each line of rampart is a ditch, and part of the general covered- 

 way, the main ditch and that of the ravelin being in the rear. The 

 two faces which are beyond the salient angle of the ravelin would, if 

 pnxluced towards the latter, form witli each other a re-entering angle, 

 whole vertex would coincide with that of the said angle. 



The objections to tenaillons are, that the besieger would experience 

 little difficulty in establishing a lodgment on that part of the covered- 

 way or glacis which is immediately in front of the salient angle of the 

 ravelin ; and in this situation he would be able to breach the faces of 

 the two half- bastions in four places, by fires of artillery directed along 

 the ditches of the ravelin and those on the side faces of the tenaillon. 

 The salient angles of the tenaillon, and of the ravelin which it covers, 



may be breached at the same time, and, when the ditches are dry, it 

 would be possible to attack and carry the ravelin at the time of making 

 the assaults on the tenaillon : then, the enemy having got possession 

 of the former work, any retrenchments which may have been made in 

 the tenaillon must necessarily be abandoned by the defenders. 



The re-entering space between the two faces which are in the pro- 

 longation of the faces of the ravelin, and which constitute the head of 

 the tenaillon, is sometimes occupied by a small redout, consisting of 

 two ramparts perpendicular to the faces which have been just men- 

 tioned ; and thus there may be obtained a good crossing fire for the 

 defence of that part of the covered-way which is concealed by the 

 salient angles of the tenaillons from the defenders of the bastions. 



Demi-tenaillons are works placed also ou the sides of a ravelin, and 

 consisting of two ramparts which are perpendicular to and nearly 

 opposite the middle of the faces of the bastions and ravelins : these are 

 usually accompanied by counterguards which cover the salient angles 

 of the latter works, and are called Bunmti. 



TENANCY. [TENANT.] 



TENANCY IN COPARCENARY. [ESTATE.] 



TENANT. Tenants, in the more extended legal sense of the word, 

 are of various kinds, distinguished from each other by the nature of 

 their estates ; such as tenants in fee simple, in fee tail, for life, for 

 years, at will, and at sufferance. [ESTATE; TENURE.] 



TENANT AND LANDLORD. The word tenant, in the more 

 limited legal sense, which is also the popular sense, is one who holds 

 land under another, to whom he is bound to pay rent, and who is called 

 his landlord. The word Land means not only land itself, but also all 

 things, such as buildings, houses, woods, and water, which may be 

 upon it. Any one who has an estate in land, provided he is also in 

 possession, may let the land to another. Where the letting takes 

 place by an express contract between the parties, the contract is called 

 a Lease, the nature of which is explained generally vinder LEASE. 



But the relation of landlord and tenant may be created otherwise 

 than by a formal lease. If one man with the consent of another occu- 

 pies his land, a contract of letting is assumed to have been made 

 between them, and the occupier becomes tenant at will to the owner. 

 Such tenants are, after payments of rent as in annual tenancies, con- 

 sidered to be upon the same footing as if the lauds had been let to 

 them for a year dating from the commencement of then* occupation. 

 And at the end of the first year, a second year's tenancy begins, unless 

 six months' notice of the intention to determine the contract has been 

 given by either party to the other, and so on from year to year. The 

 same rule of law applies to cases where a tenant continues to occupy 

 land after the expiration of a lease made by deed ; but in this case all 

 the covenants of the expired lease as to payment of rent, repairs, 

 insurance, and the like, are in force unless the lease is cancelled by 

 destroying the seal ; and even if there should be a verbal agreement 

 for a different rent, still the old covenants subsist, unless the lease is 

 cancelled. [DEED.] 



In every case where the relation of landlord and tenant exists, either 

 by express or by implied contract, certain terms are implied by law 

 to have been agreed upon by the parties as forming part of the con- 

 tract. It is of course in the power of the parties, where the contract 

 is express, to qualify these terms so implied by the language of the 

 contract itself. But it may be -observed that as these terms are 

 comprehensive in their nature, and distinctly understood in law, the 

 interests of parties are often better consulted by leaving them to the 

 general protection afforded by these implied terms than by attempts to 

 define by enumeration in detail the respective rights and duties of the 

 landlord and tenant. The terms implied on the part of the landlord 

 are, that the tenant shall quietly enjoy the premises without let or 

 hindrance from the landlord ; on the part of the tenant, that he will 

 pay rent, keep the premises in repair to a certain extent, and use the 

 land, &c. in a fair and husbandlike manner. 



When the landlord is himself tenant of the premises to a superior 

 landlord, and neglects to pay his rent, and the occupying tenant is 

 called upon to pay it to the superior landlord, he may do so, and set it 

 off against the rent due from him to his own landlord. If a tenant 

 has covenanted without exception or reservation to pay rent during 

 the term for which the lease has been granted to him, he will be bound 

 to pay it even if the premises should be destroyed by fire or other 

 casualty. If he should have assigned his lease to another and ceased 

 to be in possession, he will still remain liable under his covenant to 

 pay rent. 



The rules of law as to the repairs of premises may be determined by 

 the terms of the lease. If they are not determined by the terms of 

 the lease, they are somewhat uncertain and depend on a variety of 

 circumstances, which are laid down in law treatises. 



No tenant, in the absence of an agreement to that effect, is bound to 

 rebuild after accidental destruction of the premises by fire. But under 

 a general covenant to repair, and leave repaired, the tenant is bound to 

 rebuild even hi the case of destruction by fire. 



In agricultural tenancies the lease generally determines the mode in 

 which the farm is to be treated. [LEASE.] Unless also the lease 

 expressly or impliedly excludes the operation of the custom of the 

 country, the tenant is bound to conform to it. The custom of the 

 country means the general practice employed in neighbouring farms of 

 a similar description, with reference to rotation of crops, keeping up 



