TENSION. 



TERBIUM. 



c, the second space in the base, to G, the second line in the treble. 

 Example, in the tenor clef : 





Hence it will be seen that the tenor and treble are reciprocally at 

 the distance of an octave ; consequently, what is calculated for the one 

 voice, as relates to compass, will, at a distance of eight notes, invariably 

 suit the other. 



The word is derived from Teneo, to hold ; for in ancient part-com- 

 positions, the plain-song, or air, if it may be so denominated, was 

 given to, or held by, the Tenor. [CLEF.] 



Tenor-Clef is the c, or mean clef, placed on the fourth line for the 

 use of the tenor-voice, as in the above example. 



It is also occasionally used for the violoncello : and the part of the 

 tenor trombone is written in this clef. 



Tenor is also the English name for a larger instrument of the 

 violin kind. See VIOLA. 



TENSION (Mechanics), the name given to the force by which a bar 

 or string is pulled, when forming part of any system in equilibrium or 

 in motion. Thus, when a weight is supported by a string, the tension 

 of the string is the weight which is suspended to it. Every point of 

 the string may be considered as a point of application of two equal 

 and opposite forces, downwards and upwards, each equal to the weight 

 applied. 



TENSION, ELECTRICAL. [VAPOUB.] 

 TENT, MILITARY, is a temporary dwelling-place made of canvas, 

 which is supported by one pole, or more, and distended by means of 

 cords, which are made fast to pickets driven into the ground : tents 

 are set up when an army is encamped in the field either for actual 

 service or for the purpose of performing military exercises. 



The tents of the private soldiers, whether infantry or cavalry, are of 

 a conical form with circular bases, the supporting pole or standard of 

 each being planted vertically in the ground, in the centre : the standard 

 is 10 feet 3 inches long, and the whole diameter of the tent, between 

 two opposite pickets, is 17 feet 3 inches; but from the lower extre- 

 mity of the cone, at about 2 feet from the ground, the canvas hangs 

 down vertically and forms a cylindrical icall, therefore the diameter of 

 the tent within |the canvas is 13 feet 3 inches. Fifteen infantry, or 

 twelve cavalry soldiers occupy such a tent. The round tent of an 

 officer is 1 2 feet 6 inches in diameter within the walls. The marquees 

 of officers, as well as the hospital and laboratory tents, are of oblong 

 forms on the plan ; and, in these, the canvas is supported by two 

 standards, which are connected together at their tops by what is called 

 'j or 7 feet long. The length of an officer's marquee is 19 

 ml the breadth 13 feet, both dimensions being taken within the 

 tents of the two other kinds are still larger. 



For the rules of modern castrametation, or the dispositions of tents 

 in an encampment, see ENCAMPMENT. 



TENTHS are the tenth part of the yearly value of all ecclesiastical 

 livings. They were formerly claimed by the pope ; and his claim was 

 sanctioned, in this country, by an ordinance in the 20th year ol 

 Edward I., when a valuation of all livings was made, in order that the 

 pope might know the amount of his revenue from this source. The 

 possessions afterwards acquired by the church were not liable to the 

 payment of tenths to the pope, as all livings continued to be charge* 

 according to that valuation. (Coke, 2 ' Inst.', 627.) When the 

 authority of the pope was extinguished at the Reformation, Henry 

 VIII. transferred the revenue arising from tenths to the crown, ant 

 had a new valuation of all the livings, so as to obtain the tenth o; 

 their true yearly value at that time. (36 Hen. VIIL c. 3, s. 9-11.] 

 By royal grants under 1 Kliz. c. 19, s. 2, the Archbishop of Canterbury 

 and the Bishop of London were exempted from tenths, and were also 

 authorised to receive the tenths of several benefices as a compensation 

 for certain estates which were alienated from their sees. By the 

 6 Anne, c. 24, all benefices were discharged from the payment of tenths 

 which, at that time, were under the annual value of 50/., except those 

 of which the tenths had previously been granted by the crown to other 

 parties. There are also some other special exemptions. Queen Anne 

 gave up the revenue arising from tenths, as well as from first-fruits 

 which had been enjoyed by her predecessors since the Reformation 

 and by act 2 & 3 of her reign, c. 11, assigned it to the augmentation o 

 poor livings ; for which purpose she erected a corporation by letters 

 patent hi 1704 to administer the funds, called the Governors of Queen 

 Anne's Bounty. This act declared that episcopal sees and livings no 

 exempted should continue to pay in such rates and proportions only as 

 heretofore, or according to the valuation of Henry VIII., common! 1 

 known as the " King's Books." Tenths under the act 1 Viet. c. 20, ar 

 collected by the treasurer of the Governors of Queen Anne's Bounty 

 Payment is enforced by Exchequer process, when not duly made, am 

 the treasurer is required to give notice of arrears within one mont] 

 after the proper tune of payment. In case of a living being vacated 

 th Exchequer is empowered by act 26 Hen. VIIL, c. 3, s. 18, t< 

 recover arrears of tenths, not only from the executors and adminiwtra 

 tors, but also from the successor of the last incumbent. [BEJJEFK'E 



!T8.] 

 ABT8 AND SCL DIV. VOL. VIII. 



TENURE. The general nature of tenure and its origin and history 

 n England are explained in the article FEUDAL LAW. 



All land was and is held of the crown either mediately or imme- 

 iately, the tenure being either free or base ; Frank-tenement or free- 

 xolding, and Villeinage. The act 12 Car. II. c. 24 abolished military 

 benures, which were one kind of free services, and changed them into 

 ,he other species of free services, namely free and common socage ; 

 ocage tenure being thus established for all lands held by a free tenure, 

 which comprehended all lands held of the king or others, and all 

 enures except tenures in frankalmoigne, copyhold, and the honorary 

 services of grand-serjeanty. 



Tenure is still therefore a fundamental principle of the law relating 



land in England ; for the owner of land in fee simple, which is the 

 argest estate that a man can have in land, is not absolute owner : he 

 owes services in respect of his fee (or fief), and the seignory of the lord 

 always subsists. This seignory is now of less value than it was, but 

 still it subsists. The nature of the old feud was this : the tenant had 

 ;he use of the land, but the ownership remained in the lord ; and this 

 s still the case. The owner of a fee has in fact a more profitable 

 estate than he once had ; but he still owes services, fealty at least, and 

 ;he ownership of the land is really in the lord and ultimately in the 

 crown. For all practical purposes the owner's power of enjoyment is 

 as complete as if his land were allodial ; but, the circumstance of its 

 not being allodial has several important practical consequences. 



No land in England can be without an owner. If the last owner of 

 the fee has died without heirs, and without disposing of his fee by will, 

 the lord takes the land by virtue of his seignory. If land is aliened to 

 a person who has a capacity to acquire but not to hold land in England, 

 the crown takes the land ; this happens in the case of lands being sold 

 to an alien. If a man commits treason, his freehold lands are liable to 

 be forfeited to the crown, and his copyhold estates to the lord of the 

 manor. And if a man commits a felony, his freehold and copyhold 

 lands are also subject to certain forfeitures, these forfeitures being 

 all consequences of tenure. 



Church lands are held by tenure though no temporal services are 

 due. This is the tenure hi frankalmoigne, which is now exactly what 

 it was before the 12th of Charles II. was passed. Church lauds, how- 

 ever, owe spiritual services, and the lord of whom they are held must 

 be considered the owner ; but the beneficial ownership can never revert 

 to the lord, for all spiritual persons are of the nature of corporations, 

 and when a parson dies, the corporation sole (as he is termed by an 

 odd contradiction in terms) is not extinct, and it is the duty and right 

 of some definite person to name a successor. When, then the parson dies, 

 the freehold may be considered to be in abeyance till the appointment 

 of his successor, one of the few instances in the English law in which 

 it is said that a freehold estate can be in abeyance. 



No seignory can now be created except by the crown ; for it was 

 enacted by the statute Quia Emptores (18 Edw. I. c. 1), that all 

 feoffments of land in fee simple should be so made that the feoffee 

 held of the chief, that is, the immediate lord of the aliening tenant, by 

 the same services by which the tenant held. But tenure of an 

 imperfect kind may be created. Thus wherever a particular estate is 

 created, it is held of the reversioner by an imperfect tenure : as in the 

 common case of landlord and tenant. If no rent or other services. are 

 reserved from the tenant of the particular estate for life or years, the 

 tenure is by fealty only, and he may be required to take the oath of 

 fealty. But the right of the reveraioner to whom services are due is 

 solely incident to the reversion, and is created at the same time with 

 it. The perfect tenure originated in the pure feudal system, in which 

 the seignory of the lord was the legal ownership of the land, and the 

 tenant owed his services for the enjoyment of it. The only perfect 

 tenure now existing is Socage tenure, the services of which are certain, 

 and consist, besides fealty, of some certain annual rent. And if the 

 services due in respect of it are not rendered, the lord may distrain, 

 that is, take any chattels that are on the land in respect of which the 

 services are due. An imperfect tenure so far resembles a perfect one, 

 that a reversioner can distrain for the services due from the tenant of 

 the particular estate. 



A right still incident to a seignory such as a subject may have is 

 that of escheat, which happens when the tenant in fee simple dies 

 without leaving any heir to the laud, and without having incurred any 

 forfeiture to the crown, as for treason. Forfeiture is another right 

 incident to a seignory, and it may happen in consequence of any act by 

 which the tenant breaks his fidelity (fealty) to his lord of whom he 

 holds. It therefore extends to other cases than treason and felony. 

 COPYHOLD; ESCHEAT; FEUDAL SYSTEM; FORFEITURE; MAHOB; 

 RKNT. 



TE'KAPHIM (O^D^J-l ; Sept., rf5**a). This is a word of somewhat 



uncertain etymology and signification. That the teraphim were of 

 human form seems evident from 1 Sam. xix. 1 3. They appear to have 

 been superstitiously, if not idolatrously, reverenced as penates, or 

 household gods. (Gen. xxxi. 19, 34, 35 ; 1 Sam. xix. 13-17 ; 2 Kings 

 xxiii. 24.) In some shape or other they were used as domestic oracles. 

 (Comp. Zech. x. 2; Judg. xvii. 5; xviii. 5, 6, 14-20; Hos. iii. 4.) 

 This is confirmed by 1 Sam. xv. 23, where teraphim are mentioned in 

 connection with the arts of divination. 



TERBIUM, (Tr) a peculiar metal discovered by Mosander in the 



