171 



TETRAMYLAfiMONIUM. 



Tl.l TONIC NATI-'NS. 



TKTKAMYI, AMMONIUM. [OHOAXIC BASES.] 



TETKAKCH (rtrfjfx^t), from two Greek words, signifying four 

 and o TWITTH, a title uied by the Qreeki at a very early period to' 

 demibe the ruler of each part of a country which w.i divided into 

 four inrU, either on account of its occupation by different tribes, or 

 merely ai a political division. Each of such four parts wai called a 

 tetrarchy (rrrpafxl or rtrpatofxla). In process of time the title came 

 to be applied to the rulers of different divisions of the same country, 

 or to the chiefs of different tribes inhabiting the same country, with- 

 out any reference to the number four. In this seme it was equivalent 

 to the title* rtAnorrA and phi/lareti. Under the Roman government, in 

 the later ages, of the republic and under the emperors, there were 

 several such petty princes, independent of each other, but tributary t . 

 Rome. These lrtnin-/a, tthnarcht, or phylnrtki, were either the legiti- 

 mate governors of their subjects, or persons who had received the title 

 and government from Rome as a mark of honour. They ranked below 

 those other subject princes who were permitted to retain the title of 



The] 



I principal examples of tetrarchies are those of Thessaly, which 

 i anciently so divided, and the division was again made by Philip, 

 the father of Alexander the Great : of Uolatia, which was peopled by 

 three Gallic tribes, each of which was divided into four tetrarchies : of 

 Syria, many of the petty princes of which bore the title of tctrarchs, 

 especially certain princes of the family of Herod the Great. Con- 

 cerning the tetrarchs of Syria, see Niebuhr's ' History of Home,' ii., 

 pp. 134-5. 



TKTKATHIONIC ACID. [SULPHUR.] 

 TKTRETHYLAMMONIUM. [OaoANic BASES.] 

 TETRYL. [BuTTL.] 



TETRYLAMINE. Synonymous with butylamiae. [BUTYL.] 

 TETRYLENE. Butylme. [BuTTL.] 



TETRYLHYDROSULPHURIC ACID. Synonymous with hydro- 

 sulphate of butyl. [BuTTL.] 



TKYLSULPHURIC ACID. Sulphobutylic Acid. [BUTYL.] 

 TEUTONIC NATIONS is the general name under which are com- 

 prised the different nations of the Teutonic race. These are divided 

 into three branches. The first branch contains the High Germans, to 

 whom belong the Teutonic inhabitants of Upper and Middle Germany, 

 those of Switzerland, and the greater part of the Germans of Hungary; 

 it is subdivided into the Suabian and the Franconian minor branches. 

 The second is the Saxon branch, which is divided into three minor 

 branches: the first of which contains the Frisians; the second, the Old 

 Saxons or Low Germans, with the Dutch, the Flemings, and the 

 Saxons of Transylvania ; and the third, the English, the Scotch, and 

 the greater part of the inhabitants of the United States of North 

 America. The third branch is the Scandinavian, to which belong 

 the Icelanders, the Norwegians, the Danes, and the Swedes. It 

 ti been estimated, but on no very exact data, that nearly 

 100,000,000 individuals belong to the Teutonic race. The Germans 

 amount to above 42,000,000, 33,000,000 of which live in Germany, the 

 remaining 9,000,000 form a greater or less part of the population of 

 East Prussia, of Switzerland, of Hungary, of Transylvania, of France, 

 (in Alsace and north-east Lorraine), of Russia (in the Baltic provinces, 

 in the kingdom of Poland, in the Crimea, in Bessarabia, and in the 

 German colonies in the environs of Saratov on the Volga), of the duchy 

 of Sleswig, and of the United States of North America, especially 

 Pennsylvania. The English amount to about 33,000,000, there being 

 about 18,000,000 of English and Scotch in Great Britain and Ire- 

 land, nearly 3,000,000 in the English colonies, and 11,000,000 or 

 12,000,000 of Anglo-Americans in the United States. The number of 

 the Frisians is about 130,000, in the province of West Friesland in 

 Holland, in the islands in the German Ocean along the Dutch and 

 the German shore, iu the Saterland (near Oldenburg), and in the 

 islands along the west coast of the duchy of Sleswig. There are about 

 8,000,000 of Dutchmen in Holland and in her colonies and the Cape of 

 Good Hope ; and there are about 2,500,000 Flemings in the north part 

 of Belgium, in the south part of Holland, and in the north-east part of 

 France. The number of individuals belonging to the Scandinavian 

 branch amounts to at least 6,000,000, among whom there are 60,000 

 Icelanders; 1,600,000 Danes in Denmark, in her colonies, and in the 

 north part of the duchy of Sleswig; 1,250,000 Norwegians; and about 

 8,200,000 Swedes in Sweden and in the present Russian province of 

 Finland, especially along the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia, in the 

 districts of Abo and Nyland, and on the Aland Islands, which are 

 entirely inhabited by Swedes, 



l.ik-lit hair and blue eyes in the northern countries, and brown hair 

 and brown or blue eyes in some of the southern countries, are charac- 

 teristics of the Teutonic race. Their stature is generally tall, although 

 in those provinces where the Germans are mixed with Wendn, 

 Suabians. and Bohemians, many of the people have the broad 

 shoulders and the short square form of the north-western Slavonians. 

 The straight black hair of some Slavonian tribes also sometimes 

 appears. The mixture of Germans with the south-west Slavonians, 

 such as Wends and Croatian*, whose stature exceeds that of the Wends 

 and Bohemians, is more difficult to be distinguished, the black straight 

 hair and a darker complexion being almost the only indication of such 

 a mixture. The mixture of Germans with Celts in Belgium and in 

 the adjoining part of France has formed a tall race which diffen from 



iln-ir Teutonic neighbours only in the dark colour of their hair and 

 tli.-ir black eyes. (PUW, ' Scenon aus clem Volkslcbcn in Belgten.') 



It is very difficult to distinguish the descendants of English and 

 Irish parents as belonging either to the Teutonic or the Celtic race, 

 though it appears that wherever aquiline noses are seen among the 

 lower classes they are a proof of Celtic origin, the true Teutonic nose 

 not being aquiline, but either straight or curved only in its upper part. 

 In general, also, the Teutonic forehead is broader between the temple* 

 than the Celtic. (Clement, 'Die Nordgermanische Welt;' Herder, 

 ' Ideen zur Philosophic dcr Geachichte,' vol. i.) 



The moral and intellectual difference between the Teutonic nations 

 is lex remarkable than that which exists between other European 

 nations of the same race with one another. Capable of strong and 

 violent passions, they do not easily lose their self-control, the intel- 

 lectual functions being more developed than in most other races. 

 Southern nations, confounding liveliness of feeling with intensity, and 

 nervous excitability with moral sensibility, have been deceived by the 

 cool character of the Teutonic nations, and have accused them of 

 indifference. But the most superficial examination will show their 

 sensibility a fact which is proved by their poetry. The Teutonic 

 nations ore less excitable than the Celtic, the Slavonian, and other 

 races, but capable of deeper thought. Southern nations have accom- 

 plished great things by sudden efforts; the Teutonic nations have 

 reserved their enterprise for vast plans, which it requires centuries to 

 carry into effect. Thus they destroyed the Roman empire after a 

 struggle of three centuries, and they formed new kingdoms in Europe 

 upon new social principles, which have maintained their vigour to 

 the present day. The Normans became powerful wherever the sea 

 permitted them to effect a landing. The Germans, diminished in 

 number after they had sent their swarms to Western Europe, turned 

 back towards the east part of their country, then occupied by Slavonian 

 nations, which they conquered, and Germanised upon a plan of 

 sation which enabled them to civilise the east of Euroj*?. And lastly, 

 the English colonies have spread over the world : their dominion in 

 the east and in the west is the result of plans which imply more bold- 

 ness of conception, more prudence in execution, and more reflection, 

 than the conquests of Alexander the Great and the ephemeral power 

 of Napoleon. 



The some character of deep and patient reflection exercised on great 

 objects appears in German philosophy and in the inventions of the 

 Teutonic nations. The watch, the gun, and the art of printing are 

 Teutonic inventions. They have subjugated the power of steam ; and 

 the first model of the modern sea-vessel was constructed at the mouth 

 of the Eider by the hands of an old Saxon or Frisian ship-builder. 

 (Clement, ibid.) 



The name of the Teutones was made known to the ancients by 

 Pytlieas of Massilia (Marseille), who, in the age of Alexander the Great, 

 about 320 B.C., discovered a nation of that name in the Chersonesus 

 Cimbrica, and on the adjacent islands, or in the present countries of 

 Holstein, Sleswig, Denmark, and perhaps also in the southern extremity 

 of Sweden. It seems that they had long been settled there, for they 

 lived in houses, and were acquainted with agriculture and commerce. 

 Other traces of the name appear later. Among the Celtic tribes which 

 invaded Greece and besieged Delphi under the second Brennus 

 (278 B.C.), there was a people called Teutobodiaci, who afterwards 

 passed the Hellespont and settled with the Cults in (iolatia, in Asia 

 Minor. About 160 years later, the Romans were attacked l>y tin- 

 Cimbri and Teutones, who came from the same country, where they 

 had been seen by Pytheas. The Teutonic origin of the Cimliri li;is 

 been disputed : some historians consider them identical with the Celtic 

 Cymri, but this error has been long since refuted, although it has been 

 reproduced in our days by Thierry, in hi* ' Histoire des Gaulois.' It i.< 

 said, and it is not improbable, that inundations of the sea compelled 

 the Teutones and their neighbours the Cimbri to leave their country 

 and to seek other abodes. The choice was soon made. The wealth of 

 Rome and the arts of Greece were not unknown to them. From the 

 most remote times adventurous merchants, starting from the shores of 

 the Black Sea, followed the course of the Dnieper towards its sources, 

 and reaching the Puna and the Niemen, descended these rivers to 

 their mouths in the Baltic, where they exchanged the commodities of 

 the south for amber, the electnim of the ancients. The same trade, as 

 it seems, was carried on by the merchants of Mamilin along the Kb/mi- 

 and the Rhine, and therefore Schlbzer, in his ' NonUsche Gexchirliti-,' 

 says that but for the amber Germany would have remained unknown 

 to the ancients for five centuries more. Tin ir to \n ilnt.ince with Kmn.- 

 and Mansilia was perhaps the principal cause which led the Cimbri and 

 the Teutones to the south of France and to Italy (B.C. 113-99). Their 

 destruction by Marius has been related. [MARIUM, in Bioo. Div. ; 

 I'miRi.] 



Whiii the Romans first hoard the name of the Teutonen, they 

 thought that they were a single tribe. They did nut know tli.it it was 

 also the general and ethnographic name of all those nations to which 



Origin of the name Teutanei. The root of the word Teuton i //,." 

 or do, which originally represented the idea of " activity," of "living, 

 procreating, nourishing," and also of " taming, educating, and ruling." 

 From this root are formed the following words, some of which are still 

 ued in the popular dialects ; Tcut, god, creator, ruler, father, 



