TEUTONIC NATIONS. 



THAMES. 



1M 



nities. The laws of the Saxooi were collected by order of Cliarle- 

 magne. They coniut of nineteen titles, and are BO abort and incom- 

 plete ai to justify the opinion that only a part of them has been 

 preserved. Two " (.']>! tuUria " of Charlemagne concern the political 

 and eccl*U*tical condition of thoae parta of Saxony which were con- 

 quered at the time of their publication (788 and 707). This < Lex 

 Saxonum ' muat not be confounded with the ' Sachsen-Spiegel,' the 

 Mirror of the Saxons,' a code of Saxon law which was written in 

 Latin, and afterwards translated into the Saxon language by Kick* van 

 Rebgow, between 1215 and 1218. (Oiirtner, ' Saxonum Leges Trcs. 

 Acoessit Lex Frisionum,' 1730-4.) 



fritiaiu. [FaislANS.] The laws of the FriaianB were collected by 

 Charlemagne under the title of ' Lex Frisionum.' (Gartner, ' Saxonum 

 Leges Tree. Accessit Lex Krisionum.') The ' Statute Opstalbomica,' 

 the laws of the Seven Sealanda, which are written in the Frisian lan- 

 guage, are a different collection. 'Hie dialect of this language, which 

 must resembles the Anglo-Saxon language, is that of the northern 

 Frisian islands on the coast of Sleswig. 



AtgUhSajxmt. An account of their history has been given under 

 SAXONS; and un<l i> in GEOG. Div. The first settlement of 



Teutonic tribes in Great Britain previous to the arrival of the Anglo- 

 Saxons, has been treated with great learning by Dr. Clemeut, in his 

 work 'Die Nordgermanische Welt,' Copenhagen, 1840; and much 

 valuable information respecting their laws and social habits will be 

 found in Kemble's ' Saxons in England,' and the works of Palgrave 

 and other recent writers on Anglo-Saxon history. 



The fallowing works contain full information concerning the history 

 of the Teutonic nations : Mascov, ' The History of the Aiitient 

 Germans,' translated by Thomas Lediard ; Gibbon, ' Decline and Fall ; ' 

 Eichhorn, 'Deutsche Staats-und Rechts-Geschichte ; ' Savigny, 'Ges- 

 chichte des Komischen Rechtes im Mittelalter ; ' Gritnm, ' Deutsche 

 Kechts-Alterthumer ; ' and his ' Deutsche Grammatik.' 



The Scandinavian branch of the Teutonic nations appears late in 

 history. The Sagas tell us that in the fifth century B.C. Odin led the 

 Scandinavians to Sweden and Norway ; but this Odin is a god. Less 

 fabulous is the history of a second Odin, who, in the beginning of our 

 era, came from Asia to Scandinavia, accompanied by his " Asen " or 

 perhaps "Ansen," or fellow- warriors. The name of the Suiones or 

 Swedes was known to Pliny and to Tacitus, and Pliny knew the name 

 of Scandia, now Scania, the southern extremity of Sweden, which 

 name gradually acquired its present general meaning. Goths came to 

 Scandinavia at a very early period, and the second Odin was perhaps 

 their chief. They mixed with the Scandinavians, and traces of their 

 language have been found in the dialects of the provinces of East and 

 West Gothland in Sweden, and their name is still preserved in many 

 localities. The aborigines of Sweden and Norway belonged to the 

 Finnish race. They fled towards the north, but not without leaving 

 their traces in the mountains of the Kjcelen and the Dovre Fjeld. 



The Scandinavians, Northmen, or Normans, became known to the 

 southern nations by their piracies, and they were often leagued with 

 the Saxons. In the wars between Charlemagne and Wittekind, the 

 Danes assisted Wittekind, who had married Gera, the daughter of their 

 king, Siegfried. As early as the beginning of the 8th century the 

 Danes and Jutes appeared in the north of England ; in the beginning 

 of the 9th century the Danes settled on the south-east coast of Ireland. 

 Normans or Norwegians occupied the Orkneys before the end of the 

 9th century : in 861 they came to the Fane Islands, and they sent 

 colonies to Iceland as early as 870. The northern parts of North 

 Atnt.-rica were known to these bold navigators four centuries before the 

 time of Columbus. Other Normans conquered Normandy, Apulia, 

 Sicily, and the opposite coast of Africa. From the 8th century the 

 Waregions, who came from Norway and Sweden, penetrated into 

 Kussia, and founded the Norman dynasty of the grand-dukes of Kiew. 

 Some of the first families of the Hussion nobility are of Norman 

 origin. 



The Swedes conquered the coast of Finland as early as 850, and 

 nettled in great numbers in the districts of Abo and Nylaud. Although 

 Finland is chiefly inhabited by a nation of Finnish origin, and though 

 it has become a Kussian province, the Swedish language is the only 

 language used for public acts and legal documents. 



Suhin is one of the best authorities for the critical history of the 

 Scandinavians. He has written in Danish on the origin of the Scan- 

 dinavians, on their mythology, a critical history of Denmark, a 

 hi -lory of Denmark, and several other works concerning this country. 



(MulliT, in his ' Kritisches Examen der Diinischen und Norwe- 

 guchen Sagengeschicbte,' examines the historical truth of the Sagas ; 

 Peringskjold, ' Muuumenta Sueo-Gothica,' Stockholm, 1710, fol. ; 

 Peringskjuld, ' Wilkina Saga, sive Hixtorh Wilkineusium,' contains an 

 account of the exploits and conquest* of the Scandinavians in Hu.wi.-i, 

 Italy, tc.) 



Table of the modern Teutonic Languagci and their Dialcclt. 

 I. Ht'.ii GERMAN LANGUAGE*. 



(The German language as it is written or spoken by the well- 

 ed Germans, belongs to the High German languages, but is not 

 a dialect.) 



A. Snahian braii 

 a. Suabian, subordinate branch, containing the dialects of 



1, Siiabia, that is, of the Black Forest, of the Neckar, and of ih-j 



country between the Danube and the Lech. 



2, llararia, that is, of the Alps, of Salzburg, and of the Danube. 



S, Tyrol, that is, of Vorarlberg, of the Inn, of the EUch (Adige), and 



of the Puster-Thal. 

 4, A luiria, that is, of the archduchy of Austria, of Styria, of Carin- 



thia, of Carniola, of Southern Bohemia, and of Moravia. 

 b, Alemannic, subordinate branch. 



1, Alenuumic, commonly so called in the south-west corner of the 



Black Forest. 



2, Dialects of Switzerland, that is, of Bern, of the OMwd . i 



of Wallis, of the country of the Orisons, and of Appenzell, &c. 



3, Dialects of Elsass (Alsace), and of Baden. 



o. Old Thiiriti'/ian, subordinate branch, containing the dialects of the 

 Thiiringer Wald, of part of the Fichtelgebirge, and of the 

 northern part of the Buhmerwald. Tlu-.se dialects are gen<-r.tlly 

 confounded with those of the adjacent flat countries of Thii- 

 ringia and the Upper Palatinate, which belong to the Frauconian 

 branch. 



B. Franconian branch. 



1, Dialects of Franconia, of the Palatinate, of the Middle Rhine, anil 



of Southern Hesse. 



2, Dialects of Thiiringia, except the Thuringer Wald, of Northern 



Hesse, and of the Kichsfeld. 



3, Dialects of Lorraine and Luxemburg, which are much mixed with 



Low German. 



4, Dialects of Upper Saxony, of Meissen, of the Erigebirge, and of 



Lusatia. 



5, Dialects of Northern Bohemia, of Silesia, and of part of the 



German colonies in Hungary. 



6, Dialects of the nobles, the clergy, and the citizens in Curland, 



Livonia, and Esthonia. 



II. SAXON LANGUAGES. 



A. Frisian branch, which contains the dialects of West Friosland, of 



Saterland, of the islands along the Dutch and the German coast, 

 and of the islands along the coast of Sleswig. 



B. L'i\a German branch, divided into six sections, namely : 



1, Of Loner Saxony, containing the dialects of Sleswig, of Holstein, 



of Hamburg, of Bremen, of Brunswick, of Hanover, of tin- 

 country between the Hai-z and the Weser, and of the Marshes 

 with East Frisia. 



2, Of Westphalia, with the dialects of Upper Munsterland, of Lower 



Munsterland, of Osnabruck, of the Upper Weser, of Saucdaml, 

 of Mark, and of Eastern Berg. 



3, Of the Lower Rhine between Neuwied and Diisseldorf, especially 



the dialects of the Eifel, of Cologne, and of Aix-la-Chai 



4, Of the Netherlands, containing the Dutch language, the Flemish 



language, and the dialects of Jiilich, of Cleve, and of Gcldtrn in 

 Germany. 



5, The dialect of the Saxons in Tramylrania. 



6, Of the ancient Wendith countries, colonised by the Saxons, con- 



taining the dialects of Mecklenburg, of Pomerania, of Branden- 

 burg, of the Marks, and of East Prussia. 



C. English branch. [SAXON LANGUAGE AND LITERATI-HI:; K>' 

 in GEOO. Div.] 



IIL SCANDINAVIAN LANGUAGES. 



A. Old Norman branch, containing the dialects of the mount. 



of Norway, the Icelandic language, and the idiom of the Karoo 

 Islands. 



B. Jhmis/t branch, containing the Danish language, with the dialects of 



the islands, of Jutland, and of Northern Sleswig, and th> : 

 Norwegian language. 



C. Swedish branch, containing the Swedish language, with the dialects 



of Gothland, of Dalccarlia, of Stockholm and the ndj.u-i-nt. 

 country, of Finland, and of the Aland Islands. 



i Adclung und Vater, ' Mithridatca ; ' Balbi, ' Atlas Ethnographiquo ; * 

 Ober-Miillcr, ' Atlas Ethno-goographique do 1'Europc. 1 ) 

 TEXTILE MANUFACTURES. ICoTTON.] 

 THAMES, a certniii jurisdiction, though not undisputedly ox* } 

 appears to have been immemorially exercised over both the (inherit -s 

 and navigation of a large portion of the Thames by the m.iyor nml 

 corporation of London. In early times, when fisheries wen- ]M 

 of much greater importance than they are at present, the same kind of 

 encroachments upon them by private individuals which were x > often 

 made the subject of complaint in other parts of the kingdom were also 

 practised in this river. In 1405 an order was issued from Sir John 

 Woodcock, then lord mayor, enjoining the destruction of wears and 

 nets from Staines to the Medway, in consequence of the injury whieh 

 they did to the fishery and their obstruction of the navigation. liy 

 4 Hen. VII., c. 15 (1487), the mayor of London and his successors 

 were invested with the same authority as conservator of the lisli in 

 "all the issues, breaches, and ground overflown OH far as tin 

 cbbeth and floweth from out of the river Thames," as he had within 

 the river itself. Before the river was artificially embanked anil Hie 

 adjoining lands drained, this extension was probably of considerable 

 importance. During the reign of Elizabeth, in 1584, an order was put 

 forth by the mayor for the purpose of settling the proper times in 



