197 



THEBAINE. 



THEODOLET. 



or fourteen miles of either of the universities of Oxford or Cam- 

 bridge, or two miles of the outward limits of any place having peculiar 

 jurisdiction. 



The penalties imposed by the stat. 10 Geo. II. c. 28, being found in 

 practice insufficient to prevent the performance of theatrical entertain- 

 ments without licence, and great evils being alleged to follow from the 

 resort of the lower orders in London to such entertainments, the 

 legislature, in the year 1 839, gave additional powers to the metropo- 

 litan police for their prevention. By the 46th section of the stat. 2 & 

 3 Viet. c. 47, " the commissioners of police are empowered to authorise 

 a superintendent, with such constables as he may think necessary, to 

 enter into any house or room, kept or used within the metropolitan 

 police district for stage plays or dramatic entertainments, into which 

 admission is obtained by payment of money, and which is not a 

 licensed theatre, and to take into custody all persons who shall be 

 found therein without lawful excuse." The same clause enacts that 

 " every person keeping, using, or knowingly letting any house or other 

 tenement for the purpose of being used as an unlicensed theatre, shall 

 be liable to a penalty of 20/., or, in the discretion of the magistrate, 

 may be committed to the House of Correction, with or without hard 

 labour, for two calendar months ; and every person performing or being 

 therein without lawful excuse shall be liable to a penalty of forty 

 shillings. 1 * 



THEBAINE. [OPIUM, ALKALOIDS OF.] 



THEBET, in Hebrew /"Q13, is the fourth month of the civil year, 



and has twenty-nine days only. The name occurs in the Bible, at 

 Esther ii. 16, where it is called the tenth month, in accordance with 

 the ancient reckoning. It is a winter month, and will vary from 

 December to January ; the month Thebet of the year 5621 began on 

 the 14th of December, 1860, and ended on the llth of January, 1861. 

 Josephus writes the name TV/3Joj, in the eleventh book of his Antiqui- 

 ties, ch. 6, 4, where he speaks of the command of Ezra to the Jews 

 to put away their strange wives, but Ezra in x. 9, places this in 

 the 9th month, and Josephus himself makes it to correspond with 

 'A AAaios, so that we have a clerical error here. On a monument at 

 Palmyra it is written as in Hebrew, but the Samaritan read Tebith, 

 according to Scaliger. Benfey derives the name from some ancient 

 Persian word, meaning " winter," which was probably Tapas, as in the 

 cognate Sanskrit. A fast is observed on the 10th of the month in 

 memory of the siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, as mentioned 

 in ch. xxv., v. 1, of the second book of Kings. Another fast is men- 

 tioned, but not generally observed, to show the abhorrence of the Jews 

 for the Septuagint version of the Bible ; it is given to the 8th day of 

 the month. Another fast is attributed to the 9th day, without any 

 assigned reason ; and a festival for the exclusion of the Sadducees from 

 the Sanhedrim : but all these, except the first-mentioned, are rarely 

 observed. 



THEFT. [LAW, CBIMIXAL.] 



THEINE. [CAFFEnti!.] 



THEMIS (8fnu), a Greek divinity, was, according to Hesiod and 

 Apollodorus, a daughter of Uranus (Heaven) and Gaea (Earth), or, 

 according to Tzetzes, a daughter of Helios. She was a favourite of 

 Zeus, and bore him several daughters, the Hone, Eunomia, Dice, 

 Eirene, and the Hoerae. (Hesiod, ' Theog.,' 135, 901, &c. ; Apollo- 

 dorus, i. 3, 1.) These personified abstractions, which are represented 

 as her daughters, show the ideas which the ancients had formed of her 

 character, and consistently with these ideas she appears in Homer as a 

 personification of the order of things sanctioned by usage or by law, 

 and as the goddess who rules in the assemblies of the people. (Homer, 

 ' Odyss.,' ii. 68, &c.) According to the same poet she lived with the 

 other great gods in Olympus, was on good terms with Hera, and occa 

 sioually assembled the gods at the command of Zeus. (Homer, ' Iliad,' 

 rv. 87, &c. ; xx. 4, ftc.) Diodorus (v. 67) states that she was believed 

 to have made men acquainted with the will of the gods, the mode of 

 their worship, and to have instituted laws, religious as well as civil. 

 As a deity revealing the future she was believed to have been in 

 possession of the Delphic oracle after her mother Gaea, and previous 

 to the time that it came into the hands of Apollo, whence the act of 

 giving an oracle was, even in later times, frequently called by a word 

 derived from her name (Bf/turrtitiy). She was worshipped as the god- 

 den of law and order in various parts of Greece, as at Thebes, Olympia, 

 Athens, Tanagra, and Troezen. She is frequently represented on coins 

 in form resembling that of Athena, but carrying the horn of plenty in 

 "in; hand and a pair of scales in the other. 



THKXAUD'S BLUE. [COBALT.] 



T 1 1 KOBROMA. [CHOCOLATE AND COCOA.] 



THEOBROMINE (C 14 H.N,0.). A vegetable alkaloid, homologous 

 with caffeine, found in cocoa. It is obtained by extracting cocoa with 

 l.oiling water, adding acetate of lead to the clear solution, filtering, 

 removing the excess of acetate of lead from the filtrate, and then 

 evaporating to drynesa. The residue is to be treated with boiling 

 alcohol, which deposits crystals of theobromine on cooling. These are 

 to be purified by recryitallisation. 



Theobromine is very slightly soluble in boiling water, and still less 

 so in alcohol or ether. It possesses a slightly bitter taste, and can be 

 sublimed without decomposition. It combines with acids, forming 

 alts, which however possess little stability. 



THEOCRACY (SfOKparta, a government by God) is a term applied to 

 the constitution of the Israelitish government, as established by Moses, 

 on account of its being under the direct control of God. In fact, in 

 the earliest form of the Israelitish constitution, God was their ling ; 

 and the desire of the people to have a king at the time when Saul was 

 raised to that office is expressly declared to be an act of rebellion on 

 their part. (1 Sam., viii. 7.) 



The theocracy did not supersede the establishment of a visible 

 human government, consisting of judges aud other officers, but all 

 these officers were considered as subordinate to God as the only 

 supreme ruler of the state. 



THEODOLET, or THEODOLITE (the word is found in both forms), 

 is the name generally given to the instrument used for measuring 

 horizontal angles. In its simplest form the theodolet consists of a 

 divided circle, which is to be set parallel with the horizon, aud a 

 telescope which has so much motion in a vertical plane as to enable the 

 observer to view any object which he may require above or below the 

 horizon. The derivation of the word is obscure, although the instru- 

 ment and its name are comparatively of recent date. The earlier 

 observers did indeed use divided circles, which they called astrolabes, 

 armillas, &c. [ASTROLABE], for the purposes of surveying, but these 

 were, generally speaking, very rude. The quadrant was employed in 

 all accurate surveys up to the latter half of the last century, although 

 Roemer had shown by reason and example the superiority of the entire 

 circle. [CntCLE.] The first instance of a survey conducted with an 

 entire circle, on a considerable scale, was, so far as we recollect, the 

 Survey of Zealand by Bugge, in 1762-8. (See Bugge's ' Observations 

 Astronomies;,' p. 54, where he refers to a description of this instrument 

 in Danish, and p. 61, where he states its merits.) The horizontal 

 circle was two feet in diameter, and constructed by the Danish artist 

 AhL 



Ramsden finished his great theodolite in 1787, the circle of which is 

 three feet in diameter. This was used for a triangulation, to connect 

 the Observatories of Greenwich and Paris. A very full description of 

 it is given in ' An Account of the Operations carried on for accomplishing 

 a Trigonometrical Survey of England and Wales,' London, 1799, pp. 

 107-130, with four plates; a reprint, in a great measure, from the 

 'Phil. Trans.,' voL 80 et teq. The principal triangles of the English, 

 Irish, and Indian surveys have been observed with this instrument or 

 with those nearly identical in size and construction ; and though several 

 minor additions and improvements have been made, the great theodo- 

 lite is still considered as a very efficient and almost infallible instru- 



ment. We believe that the high reputation of the great theodolite 

 depends ill a great degree on the superstitious care with which it ha* 

 been used and preserved : it is undoubtedly a very fine, well-divided 

 instrument, but in common hands its want of solidity and firmness 

 would probably have been felt. It would be impossible as well as 

 useless to give an account of the various constructions of different 



