Tin: 



AN (.'OD1 



TIIKOHBO. 



<< i 



than jour eye affords. Ex 

 instrument* of thi class ui 

 vertical circle Mem* from i 

 from iU dimensions we she 

 rale, the greater the Hum 



i hare been determined by 

 i vertical, and even the small 

 more power than 

 obable. As a general 

 le*s the effect of bad 



division, but beyond a limited number, the trouble and difficulty of 

 reading-off is found in practice to counterbalance the advantage. Two 

 opposite readings annul the effect of cxcetitricity ; three or four equi- 

 distant readings destroy such an error as would arise from the circles 

 becoming elliptic after it was divided, or any error which follows the 

 same law. In small stoutly-made theodolites we think two the most 

 cooTenient number, and they can be much more conveniently read off 

 than a larger number. When the circle is so much as 8 inches in 

 diameter and the telescope good, we should prefer three or four 

 readings. The vertical circle or sector may have two opposite rending* 

 For many matters connected with surveying on the most extensive and 

 accurate scale, see the memoirs published of the English, Scotch, and 

 Irish Trigonometrical Survey ; and the ' Base Hdtrique,' or account 

 of the French measurement of an arc of the meridian, although 

 that survey was conducted by a different instrument. Similar opera- 

 tions have been carried on in many countries during the last seventy 

 or eighty years, and the memoirs which relate to these surveys contain 

 the best information which can be had on the subject. 



It should be mentioned that Mr. Simms has introduced a Transit 

 Theodolite, or portable altitude and azimuth instrument, for the use of 

 the scientific traveller and engineer. The ordinary vertical arc of the 

 theodolite is extended to a complete circle, and is read by two opposite 

 verniers. The range of the telescope is unlimited, and by means of a 

 diagonal eye-piece observations can be made in the zenith. The axis 

 is perforated for illumination of the field of view. The instrument is 

 8 inches iu diameter. 



THEODOSIAX CODE. In the year A.D. 429 TheodosI us 1 1. appointed 

 a commission of eight persons, at the head of whom was Antiochus, to 

 form a code out of all the constitutions and other laws which had been 

 promulgated since the time of Constantino the Great. The code was 

 to be formed on the model of the private compilations respectively 

 called the Codex Oregorianus and the Codex Hermogenianus. Either 

 nothing was done by this commission, or, for some reason, a renewal of 

 it was thought necessary, and this renewed commission received its 

 instructions in the year 485. This second commission consisted of 

 sixteen members, with the same Antiochus at its head. In remodelling 

 their materials the commission was empowered to omit the superfluous, 

 insert the necessary, change the ambiguous, and reconcile the incon- 

 gruous. 



The code was completed and promulgated as law in the Eastern 

 empire in the year 438; and it was declared that the laws enacted 

 since the time of Constantino should only be in force so far as they 

 were incorporated into this code. The code was forwarded in the year 

 488 by Theodosius to his son-in-law Valentinian III., who confirmed it 

 and laid it before the Roman senate, by whom it was received. In the 

 year 448 Theodosius forwarded to Valentinian other constitutions 

 which he had made since the completion of the code, as circumstances 

 hid arisen; and these new constitutions were promulgated in the 

 Western empire in the same year. The new constitutions were called 

 NoveUae, and all such new constitutions which were interchanged 

 between the East and West, and had reference to the code of Theo- 

 dosius, were called by the name Novelise. This interchange subsisted 

 as long as the empire of the West continued : the last constitution of 

 the kind that we know is one of Anthemius, who was contemporary 

 with Leo I. in the Eastern empire : it belongs to the year 468, and 

 relates to Bona Vacantia. 



This code consists of sixteen books, which are divided into titles, and 

 the titles are subdivided into sections. The arrangement of the matter 

 differs from that in the subsequent compilation of Justinian, also called 

 the Code. The code of Theodosius treats of Jus Privatum in the first 

 part, and especially in the second and fourth books, both included, and 

 in the beginning of the fifth : the following books treat chiefly of Jus 

 Publicum. The first book treats of offices, and the sixteenth book 

 treats of matters pertaining to the Christian church. The code of 

 Theodosius was the first great compilation of the kind, and it was 

 much used in the compilation of the code of Justinian. It also forms 

 the basis of the code of the Ostrogoths, called the Edictum Theoderici ; 

 it was incorporated into the code of Alaric II., commonly called the 

 Breviarium, in an abridged form, accompanied by a continual interpre- 

 tation or explanation ; and it was used in the compilation of the Lex 

 Romana of the Burgundians, which is often incorrectly called Papiaui 

 Liber Responsorum. 



The greater part of the Thcodosian code and of the Novollao Con- 

 stitutionea exist in their genuine state : the first five books of the code 

 and the beginning of the sixth are chiefly found only in the Breviarium. 

 The excellent edition of J. Oothofredus (6 vols fol., Lyon, 1666, re- 

 edited by J. D. Hitter, fol., Leipzig, 1736-1745), and also the c<i 

 the Jus Civile Antejuntinianetim, licrlin, 1816, have followed the text 

 of the Breviarium for the first five books and the beginning of the? 

 sixth. But f.'lossius and Peyron have subsequently made additions to 

 the first five books, and particularly to the first ; the former from a 

 Milan MS. nf the Breviarium, and the latter from a Turin palimpsest 

 of the Theodosian Code. (' Theodos. Cod. Qenuina Fragmenta/ *c., 



W. F. Clossius, Tub., 1824, 8vo. ; ' Cod. Theodos. Fragment inedd.,' A.-., 

 Arnad. Peyron, 1823, 4to.) Hanoi has also added to the later books. 

 Til KOLOGY (fcoAoyfe), the science which relates to God. 



1. Drjiiiitiun of Terms. All that men know of the nature of 

 considered absolutely, of the relations between Uod on the one hand 

 and themselves and other beings on the other, together with the con- 

 sequences resulting from those relations, and the duties arising out of 

 those relations : all this knowledge is described by the word religion, 

 [KKLIOION.] To reduce this knowledge to a systematic form, is the 

 province of the science of theology ; and the truths of religion, when 

 arranged in a scientific form, constitute a system of theology. Theology 

 stands to religion in the same relation as that in which every other 

 science stands to its subject ; for instance, natural philosophy to matter, 

 metaphysics to the mind, philology to language. By many writers the 

 words theology and religion are used as synonymous terms ; but such a 

 usage of them is incorrect. 



The above definition applies to the word as it has been understood 

 for some centuries ; but its earlier use was somewhat different from 

 this. The 9v>\oyla of the ancient Greeks was <fH\o<ro<pia x-cpl ruv 

 6tlur, the philosophy of divine existences ; and it included all questions 

 relating to the origin, the nature, and the service of the gods. As 

 mating to the origin and mode of existence of the gods, Aristotle uses 

 the verb StoKayia (' Metaphys.,' i. 8) ; and Cicero the noun theologut 

 (' De Nat. Deor.,' iii. 21). In a wider signification the word is used 

 by Varro (Augustin., ' De Civitat. Dei,' vi. 6 ; compare Eusebius, 

 'Praparat. Evang.,' iv., 130), who distinguishes three different kinds 

 of theology: (1) nuSuciy, or fobulotum, mythical or legendary; (2) 

 tyvaiKiv, or not untie, physical, or relating to the nature of the gods ; 

 (3) TtoKnat&v, or civile, political or popular. Of these, the first U the 

 theology of poets, the second that of philosophers, tile third that of 

 the people. 



In the New Testament the word is not used. (The title of the 

 Apocalypse, in which the word e<6\oyos is applied to the author, is 

 much later than the book itself.) [APOCALYPSE.] The simpler terms 

 knowledge (yruais) and faith (wt<rru) are those which approach most 

 nearly to the meaning of the word theology ; but the fact being that 

 theology, as a system, is not taught in the New Testament, there is 

 nothing surprising in the absence of the word. 



Lastly, the modern usage of the word, as expressed in the above 

 definition, was first adopted by Peter Abailard (ob. 1142), who drew up 

 a system of scholastic divinity, to which he gave the title of ' Theologia 

 Christiana.' It should be remarked that instead of the Greek word 

 theology, the Latin word divinity is often used to describe the science 

 of religion. 



2. Divisions of the Science. With reference to its foundation, 

 theology is divided, as explained in the preceding paragraph, into 

 Natural and Revealed, or positive. The latter word is used to indicate 

 that the foundations of revealed theology are the expressed mil of God ; 

 just as we speak of positive laws. The term positive theology is also 

 used to describe any system of theology which rests upon authority, as, 

 for example, the system embodied in the formularies of a particular 

 church. 



According to the method of treating the subject, theology is divided 

 into popular or biblical, and systematic or scholastic theology. 



According to the part of the subject which is treated of, it is diviil. I 

 into theoretical and practical theology. Of these, the former includes 

 (1) the knowledge of the documents which contain the revelation, the 

 proof of their authority, and the explanation of their meaning, that is, 

 JSxegetical Theology ; (2) the investigation, arrangement, and din.- 

 of the truths so revealed, that is, Systematic Theology; (3) the workings 

 and changes of religion among those who have professed it, or Histori- 

 cal Theology. Practical Theology has for its subjects the duties of 

 practical religion, and the various modes of enforcing them on men ; 

 and with reference to the latter, it is divided into (1) Humilities, or 

 preaching; (2) Catechetict, or teaching; (3) Liturgict, or worship ami 

 the administration of the sacraments ; and (4) Pastoral Theology, or the 

 care and government of a church. 



8. Dogmatic Theology, or Dogmatics, means more than the term tyx- 

 tcmatic theology. The province of the latter is simply to give t (!< 

 scattered truths of revelation the scientific form of a connected system, 

 in whatever manner may seem most convenient to the fraim-r of the 

 system ; but dogmatic theology aims at forming a system which shall be 

 accepted as binding by a large body of religionists, and then views all 

 religious truth in the light of that system. It is systematic theology, 

 with the idea of authority superadded. 



Out of Dof/matic Theology springs Controrersial r that 



mode of treating the subject of religion in which mime particular 

 system of dogmatics is defended, or some other system attacked. 



See, further, the articles CANON; Sliii.u-u: ; HATIUNAUSM ; and 

 mos ; in which many of the subjects of dogmatic controversy 

 ore discussed. 



THEORBO, a musical instrument of the lute kind, which has long 

 fallen into disuse. This instrument has been call<>d the Oilhara 

 Iliju'ia, its two heads having been erroneously considered as two neckx ; 

 and it was commonly known und^r tin- name of Arch-lute, on ,v 

 of its magnitude. The tipper and middle strings were attached to the 

 lower head or nut ; the lower, or base strings, to an upper or addi- 

 tional one. According to Maittcr Mace (1076), the Theorbo was the 



