. 



THUNI80L. 



THOROUGH-!'.. 1 



HI 



ud in ether. It form* crystalline salts with Midi. A umiUr base 

 ~it8t.^ selenium in the pUce of sulphur and termed KltnaUim, 

 may ba prepared by an analogous prooea*. 



THIAXIS..I. (.', II.O.S.V 11 pintle of wJpAontVyf. A white pul- 

 Tcnilent organic substance, formed by tho action of hydrosulphate of 

 ammonia upun hydride of axoanuyl. 



THIN ri.ATKS. lfMi,ii.ATORV TIIF.ORT.) 



THIOKORMYLIC ACID (C'.H.O-S, T). A crystalline body, formed 

 l>y the action of dry sulphuretted hydrogen upon formiate of lead. 

 It poaMatea a slightly alliaceous odour, and is insoluble in water, but 

 freely soluble in boiling alcohol and ether. Its alcoholic solution does 

 not redden litmus paper, and it has not yet been made to form definite 

 alts. 



THIOKURFOL (C 10 H 0,8,). An unimportant organic substance, 

 formed by the action of hydrosulphate of ammonia upon solution of 

 furfurol. 



THIOSAPHTHAMIC ACID. [XAPiiTiiALtc GROUP.] 



THIDNAI'MTMIC ACIIi. [NAI-IITUALIC GROIT.] 



THIOXKSSALK. [STII.BKXK.] 



Tllli'Xrilli' ACID. [Umc ACID.] 



THIOSAUCOL. [SALICYLIC OROIT.] 



THIO.S1XA.MIXK (C.H.N.S,). RhodaUint. A compound of 

 ammonia with the oil of mustard, or sulphocyanide of ally). It crys- 

 tallises in brilliant white right rhombic prisms, which are inodorous 

 ami bitter. Thiosinomine is easily soluble in hot water, in alcohol, 

 .ixl i:i ctlier. It forms salts which are very instable and rarely crys- 

 talline. Treated with oxide of mercury it yields linamine : 



LrcaifVU nibu UJLIUC ui menm v 11* ^iciua arnui 



c.n.s.s, + Hgo, = C S H,N, + ngs, + 



2HO. 



Thioiinaminc. 



linamine. 



Treated with ethylamine instead of ammonia, oil of mustard yields 

 tkiouiKtlittlai'nit! (C, 9 H I1 N.S 1 >. Whilst by treatment witli oxide of 

 mercury the latter body yields tinttkylamine (C,,H 10 N,). [MrsT.\np, 

 On. or.] 



THIUSIXETHYLAMIXE. [TmosiXAMrsx.] 



THIltlJ, an interval in music, classed among the imperfect concords, 

 because liable to alteration ; that is, the third part may be either 

 major or minor. The ratio of the Major Third is 5 : 4 ; of the Minor 

 Third, : 5. The former comprises one major and one minor tone, 

 as c > . The latter comprises a major tone and a semitone, as A c. 

 Example : 



Major Third. Minor Tblrd. 



< >r, according to the mode of description adopted by many writers 

 on the subject, the Major Third comprises, inclusively, five semitones ; 

 tli" Minor only four. Example : 



Mtjor. 



Minor. 



: .... . -. 



" 



THIKLAGK, a tenure or custom formerly very common in Scotland, 

 by which the owners or occupiers of certain lands were compelled to 

 take their com to a particular mill, to which the lands were said to be 

 tliirled or astricted, and to pay a certain proportion of it, varying in 

 it cases, as a remuneration fur the grinding, and for the expense 

 of the erection and maintenance of the mill. This kind of servitude, 

 baring become in many cases exceedingly oppressive, has fallen very 

 i.ri'-li int i disuse. 



THISTLE, ORDER OK THE, an ancient Scottish order of knight- 

 hood, sometimes called the order of St. Andrew. The claim to a high 

 antiquity rests on no other authority than the legendary account 

 recited in the warrant for the restitution of the order in 1687, and 

 must minutely by several Scottish antiquaries, attributing its 

 formation to Achaius,kiog of the Scots, in commemoration of a victory 

 obtained by himself and Hungus, king of the Picts, over Athelatan. 

 Nicola* observes, as a fitting illustration of this legend, that Achaius 

 died upwards of a century before the reign of Athclstan. The 

 investigation of Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas, in the third volume of 

 hit ' Hit.>ry <{ the Orders of Knighthood cf the British Empire,' shows 

 that tli" Order of the Thistle, as an organised fraternity, did not i-xi.-t 

 until the reign of James VII. of Scotland and II. of England. The 

 warrant of James It. for the re-institution, as it is styled, of the " most 

 ancient and honourable order of the Thintle," which i- printed at full 

 l>y Xicotaft, and which aaterU that by authentic proofs, d.xmuicuts, and 

 records, the order " continued in groat glory and uplrndour for many 

 hundred* of years," boars date Windsor, May 29, 16S7. Statutes wore 

 issued, and eight knighU were nominated by James II., but the 

 latent for the restitution of tho order never passed the great seal ; and 

 abdication of James II ,th<> ..r.l.-i Ml into abeyance, until it 

 was revived by Ann* hi 1703. The statutes then author!*. 

 much the same as those framed in 1687, and are still in use. The 

 order consisted originally of the king and twelve brethren. This con- 

 tinued without alteration until July 16, 1821, when, in consequence of 

 the coronation of Oeorge IV., an ordinance was issued (or the appoint- 



ment of four extra members, who should become regular knighta a* 

 vacancies should occur ; and in May, 1827, the number of knights was 

 permanently extended to sixteen. The decorations worn by the knighta 

 consist of a collar of enamelled gold, composed of sixteen thistles, 

 interlaced with sprigs of rue, fastened to the mantle by a white 

 riband ; a small image of St. Andrew, also of enamelled gold, suspended 

 from the collar; a medal or badge of gold, having an image of St. 

 Andrew within a circle containing the motto of the order, " NEMO 

 MK IIIPCNK I.ACKSSIT" (No one provokes me with impunity), and a 

 thistle ; a green riband, to which the medal is attached, and which i 

 thrown diagonally over the left shoulder ; and a star, consisting of a 

 St Andrew's cross of silver in the centre of which is a thistle enamelled 

 in its natural colours upon a field of gold, and surrounded by tho 

 motto and rays of silver. The star is worn on the left shoulder, on a 

 mantle of green velvet, which, with oilier parts of the dress, are 

 minutely described by Nicolas. The officers of the order are the 

 dean, the secretary, the lordly king-at-arms, and the usher of the 

 green rod, each of whom receives an annual salary, and a fee on the 

 election of a knight. A complete list of knights of the Thi- !!., from 

 the revival or creation of the order in 1687 to 1840, is given by Sir X. 

 'lag in the work above cited. 



T1IOU1XA. [THORINUM.] 



THORINUM (Th). A metallic body discovered by Beraclius in an 

 earth to which he had given the name of tliorina. When this waa 

 converted into chloride of thorinum, and treated with potassium, after 

 washing the mass a heavy metallic powder was left of a deep leaden- 

 gray colour, which, when pressed in an agate mortar, acquired an iron- 

 gray tint and a metallic lustre. It is not oxidised by water, either hot 

 or cold, but when heated in the air it burns brilliantly, and is con- 

 verted into oxide of thorium, or thorina, which is perfectly white, and 

 of any trace oi fusion. Thorinum is scarcely at all acted <i|>on 

 by nitric acid, and slowly by the sulphuric ; but hydrochloric acid 

 dissolves it readily with the evolution of hydrogen gas. Its equivalent 

 ia 39-5. 



0-rygcn and T/i'ir!num combine to form oxide of thorinum, (ThO) or 

 thorina, by heating the metal in the air, or by decomposing the chloride 

 by means of an alkali. When it lias been strongly heated, its density 

 is 9'402, and it ia then insoluble in any acid but the sulphuric, and in 

 that with difficulty. It is precipitated in the state of hydrate from its 

 solutions by the alkalies, and in this state it is readily soluble in 

 acids, and ia converted into carbonate by exposure to the air. Tho 

 alkaline carbonates dissolve the hydrate, carbonate, and subsoils of 

 thorina ; thorina is precipitated from solution by the fcrrocyanide of 

 potassium. 



Besides combining readily with oxygen, aa already mcntioncil, 

 thorinum unites energetically with chlorine, sulphur, and phosphorus ; 

 but the compounds which they form have not been minutely examined . 



THOROUGH-BASE, the art of playing (on keyed instruments, and 



' .:\X to the rulca of harmony) an accompaniment from figures 



representing chords, such figures being placed cither over or under tho 



notes of the instrumental base staff. This is one of the many absurd 



terms employed in music, and its meaning is altogether arbitrary. 



The figures used in Tkoruugh-Batt are the nine units. These repre- 

 sent certain intervals or sounds. Thug a 6 placed over a c in the base, 

 points out A as an accompaniment : and that figure also implies two 

 other notes attendant on it, namely, the 3rd and 8th, which arc called 



the accompaniment of the 6th. A 6 and a 5 placed under.it (A indi- 

 cate the intervals of the 6th and 5th played together ; and also, oa 

 accompanying notes, the 3rd and 8th. The figures 3, 5, and 8, singly, 

 or together, represent the perfect or common chord. But in Tknrouijh- 

 Boat a base note without any figure is supposed to carry a \ 

 chord. The chords are, as a general rule, assigned to the right hand 

 of the performer, and the intervals are, in most cases. <-.>nntnl from ait 

 octave above the figured uotc. This will be more clearly understood 

 by referring to the articles ACCOMPAMMLNT. ( 'noun, and HAIIMUNY. 



The following is a tabular view of the figures used in TViorowy'i- 

 Batc to represent chords, together with those, not written, but under- 

 stood, representing tho accompaniments which, with the base, form the 

 chords : 



Chord* designated 

 bjr flfrurrn. 



3rd, accompanied by a 

 Mil, 



Ml,, 

 ill,, 



7th, 

 '* 



.,nd, 



Accompanying 

 intervals. 



'. ,. 



:!r.l iiud 8th. 

 5th and 8rd. 

 3rd and 8th. 



8th. 



3rd, 5th, and 8th. 



3rd and 8th. 



major O'th. 

 6th. 



