M 



TIN. 



this account that the seq>iio\ide t iron into protoxide, 



and precipitates silver, uiercury, and platinum in their metallic state. 

 With gold, * purple compound M formed, known by the name of the 

 purple jxHola- o/ Caauu. 



a f tilled Pnt-aide of Tin (8(), HO) precipitates as a white powder 

 on mMing together solutions of protoohlorido of tin and carbonate 



Of Sod*. 



&/Hi<u-i>fc of Ti (Sn.Oj) U formed by mixing fresh pnolpiUted ." 1 

 moist hydrate of peroxide of ir. n with a aolotioQ of protochloride of 

 tin, u free as possible from 1.) .1; .... lil,,ric acid. By the mutual action 

 of il.c-u substances a alimy gray matter u thrown clown, which is gene- 

 rally alightly yellow, from toe pmenoe of a little peroxide of iron. It 

 U probably a definite ilaxnalc oj protoridt uj tin (SnO.hnO,). It in 

 soluble in hydrochloric acid, and also in ammonia; which lost property 

 distinguishes it from the protoxide ; and it u distinguished from the 

 peroxide by giving a purple precipitate with the salts of : 



Biiuaide or Pero.eidt if Tin. One variety of this results from the 

 action of atroug nitric acid upon tin. Dried in air, it contain.- 

 . 10HO; at 212' it loses half iU water (HO.Sn.Ou + Mql.and by 

 exposure to a red heat becomes anhydrous and of a straw-yell' >w 

 colour. It U known in commerce OB putty ponder, and is used fur 

 polishing plate. In the hydrated state it U insoluble in hydrochloric 

 or nitric acids, but is freely dissolved by the alkalies forming salts, 

 which do not crystallise, but which may be obtained in a granular 

 state : that of potash contains (KO, Sn.O,,, + 4Aq). It in distinguished 

 fri-ni the next form of binoxide of tin by the name miiai-ttmnic acid, 

 When iU hydrate is moistened with protoohloride of tin, a beautiful 

 gulden-yellow laittulminatc of tin i-Snl.), Sn s O, + 4 Aq) U formed. 



When carbonate of lime or baryta is added to excess of bichloride of 

 tin, a gelatinous binoxide is thrown down. Unlike metastannic acid, 

 this variety is readily soluble in nitric or hydrochloric acids. It is 

 called ttanxic acid, has the formula HO, SuO,, and combines with 

 the alkalies to form crystalline ftuiiuala. The itaunatc of toila 

 (NaO, SnO, + lAq) is largely used by the dyer and calico-printer as a 

 mordanting agent. By a heat of 2S1" Four., stannic acid is converted 

 into metastannic arid. 



Uinoxide of tin renders glass semi-opaque or opalescent, U is an 

 ingredient of most enamels. 



Chlorine and Tin combine to form the protochloride and the per- 

 chloride. The i>rolocUoridt (KnCl + 2Aq) is prepared by dissolving 

 the metal in hot hydrochloric acid till the evolution of hydrogen gas 

 ceases : the solution is colourless, and deposits crystals, which some- 

 times are acicular, and at others prisms of considerable sue. When 

 heated to abuut 212, the water is nearly expelled ; at a higher tempera- 

 ture, hydrochloric acid is evolved, and oxiuhloride of tin remains. It 

 is soluble in a small quantity of water, but decomposed by a large 

 quantity, oxichloride of tin being precipitated. 



The protoobloridl of tin is used as a mordant in calico-printing, 

 under the name of HI/IS of tin, and in chemical investigations as. a 



iising agent, acting in the mode already described. 

 I'rotochloridc of tin may also bo obtained by distilling a mixture of 

 weight* of granulated tin anil bichloride of mercury, or by trans- 

 mitting hydrochloric acid gas over tin heated in a glass tube ; in all 

 these case* it u free from water, and is a gray solid, of a resinous lustre, 

 which fuses below redness and sublime* at a high temperature. It is 

 commonly known as letter of tin. 



Perchluride or IticUvride of Tin (SnClj,) may be prepared in several 

 modes : first, by heating the protochloride in chlorine gas ; second, by 

 dissolving the hydrated peroxide in hydrochloric acid ; thinl, by 

 putting tin into the mixture of hydrochloric and uitrio acid, called 

 uyuu IT-.I'U, which yields nascent chlorine ; fourth, when a mixture of 

 1 part uf tin with -1 parts of bichloride of mercury is distilled with 

 a gentle he.it, a colourless limpid liquid is obtained, winch fuine.s 

 strongly in moist air; this is the bichloride of tin, formerly known by 

 the name of the fuming liquor of Libavius. It bulls at iilili'/J" Kahr., is 

 rendered solid by the addition of one third of its weight of water, and 

 dissolves in a larger quantity. ISy the action of alkalies it i- 

 posed, hydrated peroxide of tin being precipitated. 



A solution of this salt under the name of nilruMurlnle of lin, or 

 c<j*>j-oti<i:>n, is extensively used in dyeing and calico-printing. It forms 

 double ult* with alkaline 



.n throe proportions. The prototuIiJi. 

 1-arcd by adding to melted tin an u jual weight of Kidphnr, 

 and stirring the mixture till combination is effected ; the product is to 

 be puwdt-red when cold, mixed with an equal weight of sulphur, and 

 thrown in small |K>iti<nui into a hot crucible, and eventually heated to 

 redness. It is of a bluish black colour, has a metallic lustre, fuses at a 

 at, and when cooled has a lamcllated texture. When hydro- 

 sulphuric acid gas U pa*tud into a solution of protochloride 



r ctimpound is obtained. Hydrochloric acid dissolves protosul- 

 with thu (volution of hydrosulphurio acid gas, a solution 

 of the protochloride of tin being formed. 



SaqiumlphuU of 7Vi (Sn.SJ. To prepare this, dncly-powdered 



dphide of tin U to be mixed with a third of its weight of 



sulphur, and the mixture is to be heated to moderate redness until 



sulphur is no longer volatilised. It has a deep grayish-yellow colour, 



voted to the state of protosulphide; 

 '.sulphuric guo U feivou out. 



TIJT. MO 



.'{< of Tin (SnS,) may be prepared in different modes. A\ 

 I'hun,- acid or hydrosulpuate of ammonia is added to a solution 

 f bichloride of tin, a bulky precipitate of a dirty yellow col 

 obtoineil ; this is hydrated bisulphide of tin : in the dry way it is 

 procured by heating in a retort 12 part* of tin amalgamated with 

 9 parts of mercury, rubbed up with 7 ports of sulphur and 

 hl.-i idc of aiiiinouiuui ; the mercury facilitates the combination of the 

 Lin and sulphur, ami the ainmouiacal salt, by its evaporation, appears 



lit the temperature becoming so high as to decompose the 

 bisulphide of tin formed. This nubntai. ly known to the 

 alchemists by the name of .Im-um *nuirum,orlt<uair;iolJ, is in crystal- 

 line scales,' and sometimes in six-sided plates, of a golden-yellow colour 



illic lustre. It is not soluble in any acid, but nascent chlorine, 

 i:. the i. riu of what is called 04110 rcgia, dissolves it; it is soluble also 

 in solution of potash and soda, forming what have been termed > 



M!II. It is n - .1 iii the arts to give on appearance of bronze to the 

 surface of metals. 



J'l'i'-fflii'li- "f Tin is readily formed by adding phosphorus to the 

 melted met .1 ; it U of a silvery-white colour, and soft enough to be 

 cut with thu knife. After fusion it crystallises on cooling; when thrown 

 ujton a red-hot coal, the phosphorus burns. This compound does not 

 appear to have been accurately analysed. \Vh n phiirphuri t .1 hydro- 

 gen is made to act upon a solution of protochloride of tin, a phosphide 

 1, which is readily oxidised by the action of the air. 



ludidet of Tin. TO prepare the frutiudide (Snl), 2 parts of granu- 

 lated tin are to be heated with 5 parts of iodine ; the resulting i. ':>. K- 

 is a rod translucent substance, very fusible, soluble in water, and volatile 

 at a high temperature. 



The Ptriodide of Tin (Snl,) is formed by dissolving ti. 

 peroxide of tin, precipitated by an alkali from the solution ,.]' th<< 

 bichloride, in hyilriodic arid ; it forms crystals of a silky lu.-: i . . which 

 are resolved by boiling water into pcroxiilu of tin and hydriodic 



: -lc of Tin, When tin is fused with selenium, they combine 

 with the evolution of light. The i is a spongy mass, 



of a gray colour and metallic lustre ; when heated, selenium U ci 

 and peroxide of tin remains. 



OXISALTS OF TIN. 



Protonitrate of Tin U formed by dissolving either the metal or the 

 protoxide in dilute nitric acid. A yellow uucrystallisable solution i- 

 obtiuncd : by exposure to the sir it absorbs oxygen, and peroxide of 

 tin is precipitated. 



/ Tin.. When tin is acted upon by strong nitric acid, the 

 peroxide formed remains entirely insoluble in the acid ; to proc<, 

 pcrnitrate it is best to cause the hydrated peroxide to dissolve in dilute 

 nitric ocjd. The solution i.-, colourless, and yields no crystals ; when 

 diluted or heated, it U rendered turbid. 



.s./,./i^j of JV/i. l!y boiling excess of tin in sulphuric acid, a solu- 

 i "in which colourless acicular crystals of sulphate of 

 i i )( SU s ) are deposited. When, on the other hand, tin i.- 

 in excess of sulphuric acid, or hydrated peroxide of tin is dissolved in 

 the acid, persulphate of tin U obtained in solution, but it cannot be 

 made to crystallise. 



l'/n*iihuta of Tin. When phosphate of soda is added to a solution 

 of protochloride of tin, an insoluble white precipitate of pi otophosphatc 

 is obtained ; the pet-phosphate, also on insoluble colourless preoipitato, 

 may be procured by adding the phosphate of soda to a solution ot 

 perchloride of tin. 



The characters of the salts of tin are as follow : The protosalts are 

 white, and the solutions of them are usually colourless ; their taste is 

 astringent and metallic, and highly disagreeable; when in solution, 

 they rapidly absorb uxygcn, and are converted into the KnwpOKUog 

 persalta. 



Wlu-n a plate of lead or zinc is put into a solution of tin, the latter 

 is thrown down in thu mcUllic stato. Kcrnicyanido of potassium occa- 

 niunis a white gelatinous precipitate when drop]Hxl into those solutions, 

 ohide of potassium or sodium or sulphuretted hydrogen occa- 

 sions a Qoflee-brown precipitate in the salts of the protoxide of tin ; 

 neither gallic acid nor infusion of galls occasions any 

 \Vhcii chloride of gold is poured into solutions of protoxide ot' tin, a 

 purple coloured precipitate falls. A solution of )>ot. throws 



down a white precipitate, which dissolves in excess of the alkali. If 

 the solution be boiled, a black powder falls, which is metallic tin ; 

 while a compound of peroxide of tin and potash remains in solution. 

 Ammonia throws down a white precipitate, not soluble in excess of the 

 alkali. 



I'crealts of tin give a white preoipitato with caustic alkalies, soluble 

 in excess, the solution not being decomposed on boiling. Sulph. 

 hydrogen and sulphide of ammonium give a dirty yellow pretij 

 soluble in excess of the alkaline sulphide or in caustic alkalies. I 

 the blowpipe on charcoal, salts of tin give, in the reducing llame, a 

 white malleable globule of metal. 



EitimatiuH of Tin. This is usually effected in the state of binoxide, 

 of which 78'60 per cent, is metal. 



-..^ or Tix. 



Most of the malleable metals are rendered brittle by alloying with 

 tiu : it combines ruadily with potassium and sodiu::i, fviminj brilliant 



