TTNNISQ; TIX-PLATE. 



TITANIUM. 



As the sole object of these operations is to cleanse the iron plates 

 bom nut uid dirt, it is evident ttit the detail* may be varied con- 

 iderablv ; l>ut it U not necessary to notice particularly any deviations 

 from the usual process. The linniwi of the plates u effected in a 

 range at oast iron pota heated by fluei, and fonnlng together an 

 apparatus called the Mow. The plates are removed one by one from 

 the bath of pure water, and dried by rubbing with bran, after which 

 they are iinmened aingly in a pot filled with melted tallow or greate, 

 in which t hey are left for about an hour. The greaee pneerre* the surface 

 from oxidation, and appean alio to inoreaee the affinity of the iron for 

 tin. From the grease-pot the plaUi are removed into the metallic 

 bath, which contain* a mixture of block and grain tin, covered with n 

 quantity of greaee sufficient to form a layer four inches deep. The 

 mixture of block and grain tin usually contains about equal quantities 

 of each. The tin-bath or pot U heated to moh a degree as almost to 

 inflame the fatty mixture upon the surface of the tin ; and ite dimen- 

 aiont are inch that it will receive two or three hundred plates standing 

 upright on their edges. When the plates have remained in the tin- 

 bath about an hour and a half, they are lifted out with tongs, and 

 placed upon an iron grating, to allow the superfluous tin to drain off; 

 but as there still remains upon them much more tban the proper 

 quantity of tin, they are afterwards subjected to a process called 

 KuMtg. This consists in dipping them into a pot containing a 

 quantity of pure grain-tin in a melted state, then rubbing them with a 

 peculiar kind of brush mode of hemp, plunging them again for n 

 moment into the melted tin, and then into a pot filled with clean 

 melted tallow. The heat of thia second tin-bath melts and detaches 

 the superfluous and coarser portions of the tin from the plates, and the 

 drossy impurities rise to the surface; while the other portions unite 

 with the grain-tin. The last dip serves to eradicate the marks of the 

 brush, and to replenish the coat of tin wherever it may have been 

 rubbed too thin ; and the subsequent immersion of the plates in the 

 grease-pot causes any superfluous metal to run off. Thick plates 

 require the tallow to be cooler than for thin ones, because they retain 

 more beat in themselves. So soon as the workman employed in 

 washing has placed five plates in the grease-pot, a boy lifts the first 

 from it into a draining-pan with a grated bottom ; and when the man 

 baa placed the sixth in the tallow, the boy removes the second. 

 Notwithstanding the apparently complicated character of the opera- 

 tions just described, they are performed so rapidly, that an expert 

 wash-man will wash and brush twenty-five boxes, or five thousand six 

 hundred and twenty.five plates, in twelve hours. 



Owing to the vertical position of the plates during the preceding 

 operations, a selvage of tin accumulates along their lower edge, which 

 is removed by the process called luting. This is performed by taking 

 the plates one by one, as soon as they are cool enough to handle, and 

 dipping their lower edges into a pot called the titt-pot, or fi/i'n./-/'"', 

 which contains enough melted tin to form a layer a quarter of on inch 

 thick. The selvage of tin being thus melted, is shaken off by a smart 

 blow with a stick, leaving only a faint stripe, which may be discerned 

 upon all finished tin-plates. After listing, the plates are cleaned from 

 grease by rubbing them, while yet worm, with dry bran ; after which 

 they are packed in boxes of wood or sheet-iron. 



The turning of the inner surfaces of cooking utensils and other 

 vessels is performed by scouring the surface until it is perfectly bright 

 and clean ; then heating the vessel, pouring in some melted tin and 

 rolling it 'about, and rubbing the tin all over the surface with a piece 

 of cloth or a handful of tow : powdered resin is used, as in soldering, 

 to prevent the formation of oxide, which would impair the mutual 

 affinity of the metal*. 1'ure grain-tin should be used for this purpose, 

 but it is frequently adulterated with lead. By this means vessels of 

 copper, brass, and cast-iron are tinned internally, and thereby rendered 

 fit M the most delicate culinary operations ; and in a similar way any 

 small portions of iron-plate may be coated with tin. Bridle-bita, 

 stirrups, and many other small articles, are tinned by immersing them 

 in fluid tin. 80 also are pins, as described in Pin MANUFACTURE. 



Analogous hi many respects to tinning are several processes which 

 have been introduced or described within the last few years. All of 

 these relate to the application of a thin layer of one metal to a thicker 

 portion of another. So far as they are examples of eloctrotyping, they 

 will be found described under ELECTRO-METALLURUY and I'I.ATINO ; 

 but most of them occupy a medium place between eloctrotyping and 

 tinning. Messrs. Morewood and Rogers have obtained patents for 

 coating lead with zinc, depending on the difference of melting-point* 

 between the two metals. Lead may also be coated with tin <>r Milder 

 by sprinkling it with sal ammoniac, heating It, and rubbing a stick of 

 tin or solder upon it Tinned lead may even be added to tinned iron, 

 by sprinkling the surfaces with sal-ammoniac, heating them, placing 

 them in contact, and pressing them between heated rollers. Methods 

 have been devised for coating iron with copper; bearing some 

 analogy to that for miking tin-plate ; and the resulting product has 

 been recommended for use as a cheap substitute for copper In roofing, 

 sheathing, fto. Messrs. Urisscll and llcdwood have devised a mode in 

 which thin coating of one metal with another has been applii -<\ v. :! !y. 

 Iron may be coated with zinc, silver, or copper ; and zinc with such 

 metal* and alloys as melt at a lower temperature. The softer 

 is fused ; the surface is sprinkled with any one among several chlorides 

 or sulphates; and the harder plate is dipped into the molten metal. 



Certain metals may be coated with silver by dipping them into a bath 

 of mercury before that of silver. At Woolwich Arsenal, a method has 



en tried of coating iron nails with copper. Some schemes hare been 

 brought forward, in which an electric shock, instead of a steady 

 galvanic current, is used to induce deposition of one metal on another. 



The trade or commerce in tin-plates U noticed under Tia MAHUrAO- 

 TI-IIK AKD TRADK. 



TlNMTl-'s A UK I KM, ringing in the ears, may arise from many 

 different conditions. It is sometimes due to an unnatural state of the 

 circulation in some port of the ear, the movement of the blood pro- 

 ducing a vibration of the nerve which the mind does not distinguish 

 'mm that produced by sonorous vibrations of the air. But most 

 irequently the sensation is due to some disordered state of the auditory 

 nerve, and is entirely subjective. It is thus perceived in some disoases 

 of the brain, in nervous persons, and in those who are mu< h dcl.ili- 

 ated ; and is a common sign of organic disease of the auditory nerve 

 itself. It is analogous, in these oases, to the subjective sensation of 

 sparks and flashes of light which is perceived in cases of disease of the 

 retina or optic nerve. It may therefore be a sign of a dangerous 

 condition, or a prelude to complete deafness; but hi the great 

 majority of coses it Is unimportant, depending on some local temporary 

 itl'cction of the ear, or on some disturbance of the digestive organs with 

 which part of the brain sympathises, 



TIS1U, the first Jewish month in civil reckoning, is written in 

 Hebrew 'HE7J']. The name is not mentioned in the liible, but it is 

 found on the monuments of Palmyra, Tiari has thirty days, and it 

 corresponds with our September or October: in the present year, 

 1881, it will begin on the fith September and end on the 4th ( i 

 The first day of the month must not be either Sunday, or Wednesday, 

 or Friday ; and to prevent this from occurring, the months of Chislcu 

 and Marchesvon may have a day added or subtracted. The great fast 

 of Kippur [expiation], or day of atonement for the expiation of sins, is 

 commanded for the 10th day of this month in Lev. xvi. 29, and again 

 at xxiii. 27 ; and go great is the sanctity of this fast, that it is held on 

 the Sabbath, when the case occurs, whereas all fasts but thin are 

 observed on another day in such coses. Another fast is kept on the 

 third of the month for the murder of Qedaliab, who was made governor 

 of the Jews by the Babylonians after the capture of Jerusalem. (.! 

 xl., xli) The feast of Tabernacles is celebrated from the 1.1th to tho 

 21st of the month, as directed in the 28rd chapter of Leviticus, as a 

 rejoicing at the close of the harvest. A feast for the delivery of tho 

 law, and for the dedication of the Temple by Solomon, is held on the 

 22nd day: in the 8th chapter, 2nd verse, of the 1st bo<>; 

 where thU is related, the month is called Ethanim. [BuL ; ETDANIM.] 



TITANIC ACID. [TITANIUM.] 



TITANIUM (Ti). This metal does not occur in the free state in 

 nature, but as a binoxide (titanic acid) it is not uncommon. In tho 

 latter condition, associated with protoxide of iron, it forms titanifenms 

 iron-ore, deposits of which are found in various parts of the world. 

 [TiTAMf.M, in NAT. HIST. Drv.1 The variety known as ilmenite U 

 met with in large quantity in Canada. At Bay St. Paul, on the St. 

 Lawrence, ilmcmto is found in large beds from one to three hundred 

 feet long, and ninety feet thick. It is massive, of sp. gr. 4'<5, and con- 

 tains, according to an analysis by Mr. 8. Hunt : 



Titanic cld 48-BO 



Protoxide of iron 37-06 



Peroxide of Iron 10-43 



Magnwia S'OO 



99-08 



Another kind of titaniferous iron-ore is met with in mormons quan- 

 tity in New Zealand, forming, in the state of fine sand, a beach at New 

 Plymouth several miles in extent. The following analyses of spe. 

 token from different parts of the deposit, will at once indicate the 

 nature of this deposit : 



Oxld of iron 

 Titanic acid 



90-88 



Oildcn of iron 

 Titanic oxide 

 Sand 



9C-00 



A combination of cyauidc and nitride of titanium (TiCy, 3Ti.,N) in 

 tho form of reddish-brown metallic-looking cubus, is nearly always 

 found among the slags and cinders that occur in the bottom of iron 

 furnaces. These crystals are hard enough to scratch agnte, and are 

 attacked only by a mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acid, or by fusion 

 with nitre. 



Titanium may be isolated by heating sodium in tho vapour of bichlo- 

 ride of titanium. The small prisms thus obtained are soluble in I 

 chloric acid with evoluf '-Jen. 



The equivalent of titanium U 25. 



to form three comppun . 



ini'im iTiO). When titanio acid is expose : 

 Btroug heat, a portion of it loses oxygen, and a black maw is formed, 



