TITANS. 



TITHES. 



270 



which is probably the protoxide. It has an earthy fracture, is insoluble 

 in acids, and is difficult to reconvert to the titanic acid. It has been 

 already mentioned in the Natural History Division of this Cyclopaxlia 

 that auatase is probably the protoxide of titanium. 



Scsquioxule of titanium (Ti a Oj=TiO, Ti(X). When rutile or titanic 

 acid is dissolved in hydrochloric acid, a piece of zinc immersed in the 

 solution occasions the formation and precipitation of a deep purple- 

 coloured powder, which is hydrated sesquioxide of titanium. It 

 returns to the state of peroxide very rapidly. It is slightly soluble in 

 hydrochloric acid, forming a blue solution. 



Peroxide of Titanium, Titanic Acid (TiO.). Rutile is titanic acid 

 nearly pure ; when it is reduced to fine powder and fused in a platinum 

 crucible, with three times its weight of carbonate of potash, titanate of 

 potash is obtained; mixed with some excess of carbonate of potash ; 

 this is to be removed by washing with water, and titanic acid is then 

 precipitated by dilution and heat ; after washing with dilute hydro- 

 chloric acid it is nearly pure. It is quite white, very infusible, and 

 after it has been heated is soluble only in hydrofluoric acid. Its acid 

 powers are feeble ; it is insoluble in water, and does not act on vege- 

 table blues ; it combines, however, with alkalies and metallic oxides, 

 forming salts which are termed titanata. 



Titanic acid somewhat resembles stannic and silicic acids. It may be 

 separated from the latter by fusion with Msulphate of potash and sub- 

 sequent solution of the mass in water, silica remaining insoluble. 



Bichloride of Titanium (TiCl t ) is formed when chlorine gas is passed 

 over metallic titanium at a red heat. It u a colourless transparent 

 fluid, boils at 277, and is volatilised, and condenses unchanged. When 

 exposed to the air it deliquesces, and when a few drops of it are mixed 

 with an equal bulk of water, combination takes place with considerable 

 violence and the evolution of intense heat. It absorbs dry ammoniacal 

 gas, and forms ommonio-ohloride of titanium (2NH,, TiC'l). 



Tasti for Titanium. Tincture of galls or ferrocyanide of potassium 

 produce, when added to a solution of titanic acid, an orange-red pre- 

 cipitate. 



The other compounds of titanium are but little known. The metal 

 is always estimated hi the form of titanic acid. 



TITANS (TITM>, fern. Tirwitrt) is the name by which, in the 

 mythology of ancient Greece, a certain class of eons and daughters of 

 Uranus and Qaea are designated. The original name of Ooea WM laid 

 to have been TiUea, from which Titans was derived. (Diodorua Sic., 

 i:i. r,i;.) The beings generally comprised under the name of Titans 

 were Oceanus, Cceus, Crius, Hyperion, lapetus, Kronos, Thetys, Rhea, 

 i is, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Dione, and Theia (Apollodor., 'Biblioth.,' 

 i. 1, 3 ; Diodonis Sic., v. 06) ; but writers, as Stephanus of Byzantium 

 (>. t'. "AJova), 1'ausaniai (viii. 37, 3 1, and others, ditl'er both in the names 

 anil numbers of the Titans. Uranus had by Qaea two other lets of 

 chiMicii, namely, the Hecatonchoires (centimani, or beings with a hun- 

 iln 'I arms), and the Cyclops ; and these two he cast into Tartarus, at 

 which < ;.i>M. their mother, was BO indignant that she induced Kronos 

 and the Titan* to revolt against their father, Uranus, with the result 

 already told under KRUNOB. Whan Zeus, in his turn, made war 

 t his father, Kronos, the Litter again called the Titans to hi* aid. 

 A struggle ensued, which Listed for ten yean, and is celebrated in 

 mythology as the TiUuomachia, or war of the Titans. It was termi- 

 nated by Zeus relieving the Cyclops from Tartarus, and by his gaining 

 with their weapons the victory over the Titans, who were now cast 

 into Tartarus, and were guarded there by the Hecatonohcire*, while 

 Zeut and his brothers divided the sovereignty of the world among 

 themselves. (Apollodor., ' Biblioth.,' i. 1 and 8.) 



The name Titan has also been given to those superhuman beings 

 who were descended from the Titans, such as Prometheus, Hecate, 

 Lat<>na, Pyrrha, Helios, Ac. It moreover occurs as a designation of a 

 very early raoe of men in Crete and Egypt. 



(Lobeck, Aglauphamiu ; Bbttiger, Jdeen tur Kunstmy&uloyic ; 

 Yoloker, Mytlwiogtt da Japetitclten lieidttecltta.) 



TITHES are the tenth port of the increase yearly arising and 

 renewing from the profits of lands, the stock upon lands, and the 

 jiersonal industry of the inhabitants, and are offerings payable to the 

 church, by law. Under the Jewish system, the tenth part of the 

 yearly increase of their goods was due to the priests. (Numbers xviii. 

 21 ; Dent xiv. 22 ; Levit. xxvii. 80, 82.) 



In the earliest ages of the Christian church, offerings were made by 

 its members at the altar, at collections, and in other ways ; and such 

 payments were enjoined by decrees of the church, and sanctioned by 

 general usage. For many centuries, however, they were voluntary. 

 But when the church hod increased in power, and began to number 

 amongst its member* many who adhered to it because it was the pre- 

 vailing religion, it wa deemed necessary to enforce certain fixed contri- 

 butions for the support of the minister* of religion. The church relied 

 upon the example of the Jews, and claimed a tenth. Meanwhile, the 

 conversion of temporal princes to Christianity, and their zeul in favour 

 of their new faith, enabled the church to obtain the enactment of laws 



to compel the payment of tithes. In England, the first instance of a 

 law for the offering of tithes was that of Olfii, king of Mercia, towards 

 tlie end of the 8th century. He first gave the church a civil right in 

 tithes, and enabled the clergy to recover them ns their legal due. The 

 law of Ortii wan at a later period extended to the whole of England by 

 Kiiiy Ethelwulph. (1'rideaux, ' On Tithes,' 107.) 



At first, though every man was obliged to pay tithes, the particular 

 church or monastery to which they should be paid appears to have 

 jeen left to his own option. In the year 1200, however, Pope Inno- 

 cent III. directed a decretal epistle to the archbishop of Canterbury, 

 in which he enjoined the payment of tithes to the parsons of the 

 respective parishes, This parochial appropriation of tithes has ever 

 since been the law of England. (Coke, 2 ' Inst.' 641.) 



The tithes thus payable were of three kinds pradial, mixed, and 

 personal. Pradial tithes are such aa arise immediately from the 

 pound, as grain of all sorts, fruits, and herbs. Mixed tithea arise 

 From things nourished by the earth, as colts, calves, pigs, lambs, 

 chickens, milk, cheese, and eggs. Personal tithes are paid from the 

 profits arising from the labour and industry of men engaged in trades 

 or other occupations ; being the tenth part of the clear gain, after 

 deducting all charges. It is sometimes stated that personal tithes 

 seem to have been generally commuted for the more moderate tribute 

 of Easter Offerings ; unless in fishing-towns, or other places where 

 peculiar circumstances have caused a continuance of the primitive 

 u.- -;c I, 



Tithes are further divided into great and small. The great tithes 

 consist of corn, hay, wood, &c. ; the small tithes consist of the prasdial 

 tithes of other kinds, together with mixed and personal tithea. This 

 distinction is arbitrary, and not dependent upon the relative value of 

 the different lands of tithe within a particular parish. Potatoes, for 

 instance, grown in fields, have been adjudged to be small tithea, in 

 whatever quantities planted ; while corn and hay in the smallest por- 

 tions still continue to be treated as great tithes. The distinction is of 

 material consequence, aa great tithes belong, of right, to the rector of 

 the parish, and small tithes to the vicar. 



No tithea are paid for quarries or mines, because their products are 

 not the increase, but are part of the substance of the earth. There 

 may, however, be tithes of minerals by custom. Neither are houses, 

 rod separately from the soil, chargeable, as having no annual 

 increase. By the common law of England no tithe is due for wild 

 animals such as fish, game, &c. ; but there are local customs by which 

 tithe has been paid from such things from time immemorial, and in 

 those places such customary tithes may be exacted. Tame animals, 

 kept for pleasure or curiosity, are also exempt from tithes. 



Tithes were originally paid in kind, that is, the tenth wheat-sheaf, 

 the tenth lamb or pig, as the case might be, belonged to the parson of 

 the parish as his tithe. The inconvenience and vexation of such a 

 mode of payment ore obvious, but no attempt had been made in this 

 country, till very recently, to introduce a general improvement in the 

 mode of collection. The inconvenience of paying tithea in kind must 

 long since have been felt, and certain modea of obviating it were occa- 

 sionally practised. Sometimes the owner of land would enter into a 

 composition with the (arson or vicar, with the consent of the ordinary 

 and the patron of the living, by which certain laud should be altogether 

 discharged from tithes, on conveying other land for the use of the 

 church, or making compensation. In other words, the owner of tho 

 land purchased an exemption from tithes. Such arrangements between 

 landowners and the church were recognised by law ; but it was found 

 that they were often injurious to the church by reason of an insufficient 

 value being given for the tithes. The acts 1 Elizabeth, c. 16, and 13 

 Elizabeth, c. 10, were accordingly passed, which disabled archbishops, 

 bishops, colleges, deans, chapters, hospitals, parsons, and vicars, from 

 making any alienation of their property for a longer term than twenty- 

 one years or three lives. In order to establish an exemption from 

 tithes on the ground of a real composition, it is therefore necessary to 

 show thai such composition had been entered into before the statutes 

 of Elizabeth. Since that time compositions have rarely been made, 

 except under the authority of private acts of parliament. 



Another method of avoiding the payment of tithes in kind was by a 

 modus decimandi, commonly called a modut. This consists of any 

 custom in a particular place, by which the ordinary mode of collecting 

 tithes lias been superseded by some special manner of tithing. In some 

 parishes the custom has prevailed, time out of inind, of paying a certain 

 sum of money annually for every acre of land, in lieu of tithes. In 

 others, a smaller quantity of produce is given, and the residue is made 

 up in labour, as every twelfth sheaf of wheat instead of tho 10th, but 

 to be housed or threshed by the tithe-payer. 



A large portion of the laud of England and Wales is tithe-free from 

 various causes. Some has been exempted under real composition, as 

 already explained, and some by prescription, which supposes a com- 

 position to have been formerly made. The most frequent ground of 

 exemption ia that the land once belonged to a religious house, and was 

 therefore discharged in the following manner : All abbot*, priors, and 

 other heads of religious houses, originally paid tithes from the lands 

 belonging to them, until Pope Paschal II. exempted all spiritual per- 

 sons from paying tithes of lands which were in their own hands. This 

 general discharge continued till the time of King Henry II., when 

 Pope Adrian IV. restrained it to the three religious orders of Cister- 

 cians, Templars, and Hospitalers, to whom Pope Innocent III. added 

 the Pnumonstratenses. These four orders, on account of their exemp- 

 tion, were commonly called the privileged orders. The Council of 

 latcran, in 1215, further restrained this exemption to lands in the 

 occupation of those religious orders of which they wore in possession 

 beforu that council. Bulls were, however, obtained for discharging 



