t.-i 



TOBACCO ITI.Tl-RE AND TRAHF.. 



TOBACCO-PIPE MAXU'ACT: 



outtmg-engine is tunMd by winch-handle, and the motion is regulated 

 by m fly-wheel. Horse* haw been applied to a similar machine ; and, 

 kwtiy, steam-power ha* been brought to the aid of the manufacturer, 

 leaving MM attendance of mm Decenary only to place the cake in the 

 ogiae, to attend to it while at work, and to remove the eat tobacco. 

 Generally .peaking, all of these machine, act upon the lame principle. 

 The eak" of Wve* u bud upon an iron bed, which i* niaoeptible of a 

 low progneriv* motion, MM! mother part of the meihinimn give* 

 motion to the knife. The depth of the cake i* about two inehea ; the 



M 



of tobacco, i* regulated by 

 alteration, in a train of cog-wheel*, 



Many circumstance* combine to account (or the different qualities 

 anH appearance of the numeroui varieties of tobacco and for smoking. 

 Tobacooe raised m various place* naturally preeent aome point* f 



**; variation* will, aa already shown, appear in different parti 

 the aame crop; and the retention or rejection of the italk, the 



and extent of the moUtening, and the degree of fineness of the 

 fibre*, occasion (till further differences. A coarse variety called Magr, 

 which is uaed both for chewing and imoking, U formed of the darkest- 

 eokmred leaves, well liquored, which darkens them still more. Pig-tail 

 tobacco consinto of a rope or cord, about as large aa the thicker end of 

 tobacco-pipe, and aa long as the manufacturer can conveniently make 

 it. It i* produced by a prooeai similar to pinning, and reqoire* the 

 aimultaneous aid of a man and two boys. 



The manufacture of cigars is described in another article. [ClQAB 



Snuff is made either from stalks only, from leave* only, or from a 

 mixture of the two. Thalknown aa Satlek snuff i* made either wholly 

 of stalks, or with a very small admixture of leave*. Higk-dritd 

 Mxfls owe their peculiar qualities chiefly to a degree of drying which 

 impart* a scorched flavour to them; and innumerable varieties are 

 produced by the choice, mixture, and preparation of different tobacco*. 

 Most of the snuff made near London is ground in milli whose machi- 

 nery is impelled by the river Wandle, near Mitcham in Surrey. In 

 those mills two kinds of grinding machine are employed. One consists 

 of two cylindrical atone*, several feet in diameter, and one or more in 

 thickness, set up on edge, side by side, upon a circular slab or bed. 

 These stones have a two-fold motion imparted to them, resembling 

 fait of a carriage wheel compelled to revolve in a small circle. The 

 effect of this peculiar motion i* a grinding action upon the bed where 

 the snuff is laid, peculiarly adapted to the required purpose. Some 

 kinds of snuff, however, are better ground by the other sort of machine, 

 which consists of a kind of rolling pestle, set in motion by an ingenious 

 train of wheels and aet of jointed arms or levers. Little i* done at the 

 muff-mill* beyond a preparatory drying of the tobacco and the actual 

 grinding ; but the snuff usually receives some finishing operation* 

 from the maker after it leave* the mill. 



Tobacto 7Va</<. The discoverer* of the New World learned the habit 

 of smoking tobacco from the native* ; aad on their return the practice 

 was at first introduced into Spain and Portugal, and soon spread to 

 other parts of the Continent The wttlera who accompanied Raleigh 

 on hi* expedition to colonise Virginia, which returned unsuccessful in 

 1586, introduced the habit into England. Before the establishment of 

 the colony of Virginia in 1606, all the tobacco imported into this 

 country wa* raised by the Spaniard* in the West India Islands. King 

 James's invective* against the u*e of thi* weed are now curious matters 

 of history. In 1604 he took upon himself, without the concent of 

 Parliament, to raise the dnty on tobacco from 2rf. to 6a. lOrf. the Ib. 

 In 1615 the colonists of Virginia regularly betook themselves to tho 

 cultivation of the tobacco-plant, abandoning the manufacture of ashes, 

 oap, gla*, tar, and the planting of vineyards, which they had already 

 commenced. James felt that, without abating hi* well-known aversion 

 to tobacco, in the infancy of the colony this proceeding of the planters 

 must be tolerated. In the first instance he commanded that the pro- 

 duction of tobacco should not exceed the rate of a hundred-weight for 

 each individual planter. The cultivation waa forbidden in England, 

 and the plant* already growing were ordered to be uprooted. At the 

 tame time he eouflnea the right of importing the commodity to such 

 persons a* be shonld license for the purpose. In the last year of his 

 reign the exclusive supply of the English market was given to the 

 English plantations in America. 



Being regarded M a source of revenue, tobacco 1* not allowed to be 

 grown m England. In 1786 tobacco paid an import duty of 1M. per 

 Ib. ; it wa* raised to If. Srf. in 1787, 1>. 7-/. in 1796, and by gradual 

 teps to it. in 1815, at which it remained till 1825. In the last-named 

 year the duty wa* lowered to 8. if from foreign countries, and to 

 it. W. if from British |m*ses*ion*. The discriminating duty was after- 

 wards removed, the British was raised to the same rate a* the foreign, 

 and the duties settled down at these rates it. on unmanufactured 

 tobacco, Of. on muff, and 9*. on cigar*, plus 5 per cent. Down to 

 1 825 an excine M well a* a ciutom* duty wa* levied on tobacco ; but in 

 that year the former wa* removed, except in so far as concerned a 

 licen*e for the trader* and a supervision of the trade. Great restrictions 

 are placed on the importation. Specified ports, about thirty in number, 

 are clone permitted to Import tobacco. The importer i not compelled 

 to pay the duty at once ; he may allow Uie tobacco to remain in bond, 

 in the queen'* warehouses at the several port*, for any space of time 



not exceeding five yean, paying a rent of 4*. on every hogshead, oa*k, 

 chest, or eaae. Every soldier and sailor on British service in foreign 

 part* may purchase otay fn* to the extent of 2 Ib*. of tobacco per 

 month ; but all other tobacco mart pay the duty before being taken 

 out of bond. A* the price of tobacco in bond, after all the expra*** of 

 growth and freight have been paid, van**) from SU to 10L (perhaps 

 averaging <W.>, it follow* that the duty (about 3*. 3d.) i* enamour/ 

 heavy, and thi* lead* both to raggling and adulteration. It ha* bean 

 pertinently remarked by Mr. Cooley, that the retail sale of genuine 

 ao at Set. par OK. i* a commercial impoaaibility. The tobacco 

 be adulterated, hi order to pay the planter, importer, manu- 

 facturer, wlmlmuuVi dealer, and retailer, and to pay atoo the duty ; or, 

 if genuine, then the duty muat be evaded by smuggling. The govern- 

 ment officer*, as well aa chemists acting unofficially, have det noted 

 treacle, moianea, malt, roasted grain, chicory, lime, sand, umber, 

 sea-weed, and leaven or herb* of various kinds, in tobacco. 

 Dye-drug* an often uaed, not to increase the weight, but to impart a 

 tobacco-colour to adattoraB** 



Tobacco, a* already stated, i* not allowed: to be grown in England. 

 The acts prohibiting its cultivation did not apply to Ireland till about 

 '1840. Tobacco is extensively cultivated in France, Prussia, Holland, 

 ami Belgium, also in the southern province* of Ruuia, and in Turkey 

 and Syria. It has as yet made little progres* in the British West 

 Indie*, and still leas in Upper Canada. The tobacco of Cuba hold* 

 the highest rank for the excellence of it* flavour. Next in favour, 

 perhaps, are the cigars of Manilla. But the cultivation of tobacco i* 

 most extensive in the United State*. In 1850 the produce in eight 

 state* of the Union was estimated at 200.000,000 llw., of which much 

 more than half waa produced in Virginia and Kentucky. About 

 120,000,000 Ib*. of this quantity were exported, and 80,000,000 Iba. 

 consumed at home, amounting to 34 Ib*. per head on a population of 

 23,600,000. Profe**or Wilson, in his Report on the New York Indus- 

 trial Exhibition, spoke of the so-called Cartndak tobacco a* being now 

 in very extensive demand in the United State*. " It U known a* 

 chewing or plug tobacco, and ia put up in boxes of various 



Thoaa exhibited weighed 38 Ib*., and were of various qualities to which 

 different name* and price* were attached. ' Ladies' Love ' sold at 

 18 dollars per bos, ' Ladies' Twiat' at II, and ' Fair America' at 10. 

 Tobacco for chewing undergoes a process of gradual fermentation, and 

 i* then sweetened by the addition of mola**e*, and either done up into 

 rolls or preened into cake* ; the former, i* known aa twill, the latter as 

 ping. A good chewer, I am informed, would dispose of 4 to 8 oat, 

 per day." 



The quantity of tobacco imported into thi* country in 1788 waa 

 about 7,000,000 Ibs. ; in 1796 it rose to 10,000,000 Ib*. During the 

 first forty yean of the present century it rose gradually from 1 1,000,000 

 to 18,000,000 Ibs. a ratio of increase far lee* than that in the popula- 

 tion. A marked advance then took place, and from 1844 to 1800 the 

 import waa never Ian than 33,000,000 Ibs. In I860 the quantity wa* 

 49,670,893 Ibs., of which 35,412,841 Ibs. was retained for home con- 

 sumption and paid dnty, the rest being re-exported. This quantity is 

 a little more than 1 Ib. per head per annum for the whole population 



TOBACCO, ACTIVE PRINCIPLE OF. [NicoTisE.l 



TOBACCO-PIPE MANUFACTURE. The material* of which 

 tobacco-pipes are formed are very numerous. White and coloured 

 earths, porcelain, metals, ivory, horn, shell, costly woods, agate, cor- 

 nelian, talc, and amber, are among the substances which have bean 

 used for the purpose. The forms admit of equal variety ; but perhaps 

 the most remarkable is the oriental hookah, in which the smoke is 

 purified by passing through water. 



The tobacco-pipes moat commonly uaed in thi* country are formed 

 of a fine-grained plastic white clay, which U called, from this appli- 

 cation, pipe-clay. It is procured chiefly from Purbeck in Dorsetshire, 

 and U purified from all foreign iibstances by working it with water 

 into a thin paste, and then either allowing it to settle in pits, or pan- 

 ing it through a sieve, to separate the siliceous or other stony matter. 

 The water i* subsequently evaporated until the clay become* of a 

 doughy consistence, when it must be well kneaded to make it uniform. 

 It is finally formed into cubical minus of about one hundred pound* 

 each. From one of these the workman cuts off just enough to make 

 one pipe. Each piece is kneaded thoroughly upon a board, and rolled 

 out to nearly the form and size of a pipe, with a projecting bulb at one 

 end fur the formation of the bowL These piece* are laid aside for 

 some time to dry, and when the clay is sufficiently firm, they are sub- 

 jected to the curious process of borinff. The workman takes the roll 

 of clay in hi* left hand, and with his right insert* the end of an iron 

 needle, previously oiled, in the small end of the roll, and by dexterous 

 management thrusts the needle through the whole length of the roll 

 without penetrating the surface. The bulb U then bent into the proper 

 position to form the bowl, and the piece of clay, with the needle 

 remaining in it, i* pressed into a mould to complete its form. 



Tobacco-pipe-mould* are formed either of copper, brass, or iron, and 

 each consist* of two precisely similar halve*, with projecting pins in 

 one half, and corresponding hole* in the other, which ensure their 

 exact union. On their inner surface*, which are hollowed so as to 

 fit the finished pipe, may be added any ornamental device or in- 

 scription. One half of the mould being laid flat, the pipe is placed 

 in it, covered with the other half, and then firmly pressed. The 



