m TOLSEY. 



to the payment of toll*, either in particular districts or throughout the 

 realm; a prerogative exercised also by inferior lords who possessed 

 JUT* regalia. 



The term " toll " i* used in modern acts of parliament to designate 

 the payment directed to be made to the proprietors of canal* and 

 railways, the trustees of turnpike-road* or bridge*, &c., in respect of 

 the ptuwage of passenger* or the conveyance of cattle or good*. 



The term toll is applied to the portion which an artificer is, by 

 custom or agreement, allowed to retain out of the bulk in respect of 

 services performed by him upon the article ; as corn retained by a 

 miller in payment of the mulcture ; also to the portion of mineral 

 which the owner of the soil is entitled, by custom or by agreement, to 

 take, without payment, out of the quantity brought to the surface, or, 

 as it is technically called, to gran, and made merchantable, by the 

 mining adventurer. To collect these dues the duke of Cornwall, and 

 other great landholders in the mining districts of the west, have their 

 officers, called " tollers." 



TOLLERS. [Ton..] 



TOLSEY. [TOLL.] 



TOl.r. I^SKNTIAL OIL OF. [ESSENTIAL OILS.] 



TOLU-EUGEXYL. [CABYOPHYLLIC ACID.] 



TOLUENE. [TOLVE.MO GBOCP.] 



TOLCEXIC GROUP. A cluster of chemical substances, each con- 

 taining the hypothetical radical toluenyl (C^H,,). 



The chief members of this collection are six in number, namely, 



1. Toluene or hydride of toluenyl . C, ,H, = C ' 'S r } 





HI 



3. Hydrate of tolucnyl . 

 S. Tolucnyl-sulphurgus acid . 



4. Chloride of toluenyl . 



9. Toluidine ... 

 C. Acetate of toluenyl . 



. C 14 n,O, = C "^' JO, 

 . . C 14 U,8,O, = C "^' } Oj,8,0 4 

 . C,,H,C1 = C '"' j 



( C 14 H, 



. C 14 U,N = N{ II 

 I 



. c,,u,.o. = ipirSi 



1. Toluene (C,,H,, H). Toluol. Rttinapktha. Bemoene. Dratifr. 

 A colourless, limpid oil, first obtained on submitting balsam of tolu to 

 distillation. It has subsequently been found among the products of 

 the destructive distillation of resin, tar, and wood ; and is also formed 

 when TOLUIC ACID is heated with lime. It may be obtained pure by 

 fractional rectification. The specific gravity of toluene is 0'87 ; vapour 

 density, 8'260 ; and boiling point, 237 Fahr. Its odour resembles that 

 of benzole. It is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol, and more 

 so in ether; with fuming sulphuric acid it forms toluenyl-sulphurous 

 acid, and nitric acid converts it into nitrotoltitne (C,,H 7 , NO,). The 

 latter body, called also nitrobtmoenc, is precipitated on adding water to 

 the mixture of toluene, and forming nitric acid. It is a liquid, has an 

 odour resembling that of oil of bitter almonds ; boiling point, 437 

 Fahr.; and specific gravity, 1'18; a mixture of nitric and sulphuric 

 acids converts it into acicular crystals of l/initratolttene (U,,H,, 2 NO,). 

 Several chlorine derivative* of toluene are known. 



2. Hydrate of toluenyl (C 14 H,0, HO). The source, composition, and 

 properties of this substance have already been referred to under iti 

 gynonyme, BENZOIC ALCOHOL. 



3. Tolaenyl-tuliihurou* acid ; tutphotoluenic or tuljihobenzornic acid 

 (C,,H,S,O. + 2Aq.). The lead salt of this acid is formed on adding 

 excels of carbonate of lead to the solution of toluene in fuming sul- 

 phuric acid. The acid itself is set free on passing sulphuretted hydrogen 

 through the aqueous solution of the lead salt. By evaporation of its 

 solution in vacuo, small deliquescent pennifonn crystals are obtained. 



4. Chloride of tulitenyl (C,,H 7 , Cl). A heavy liquid resulting from 

 the action of hydrochloric acid gas upon hydrate of toluenyl. Boiling 

 point about 360* Fahr. 



B. Tultudiiu (X(C, .II.) !!_,), or tutni/l-ammon!a is produced by the 

 reducing action of sulphuretted hydrogen upon uitrotolucne. Sulphur 

 having been separated and the solution evaporated, the residue is dis- 

 tilled with potash ; toluidine then pauses over and condenses to a 



liquid, which subsequently solidifies. 

 Toluidiue is very soluble in 



very soluble in ether, alcohol, and oil. It U but little 

 dissolved by water, but may be obtained in large crystals from itfl 

 alcoholic solution. It ha* an aromatic odour, much resembling aniline, 

 and a burning taste. It slightly blues red litmus paper ; is heavier 

 than water ; is volatile at common temperatures; melts at 104 Fahr. 

 and boil* at 388-4 Fabr. It ha* the same composition as methyl 

 aniline, but does not give that beautiful blue colour with chloride ol 

 lime that compound* of aniline do. 



Toluidine give* stable and crystalline salt* with most of the acids. 

 They mostly are soluble in water. The . ,y,n.'. </ I'Juiilinr contains 

 (2C 1 ,H-N 1 8,0 W 2HO); tho acid oxalalt (C,,H,N, ( ,' < . -J 1C)). The 

 e/iUnvptatifale (C,,U,N, HC1, I'ICLj occurs as a beautiful orange crys 

 talline precipitate. 



Xitrut'Juidinr forms hi yellow needles when binitrotulucnc U actec 

 on by an alcoholic solution of sulphide of ammonium. 



(2C,,H,N, Cy, r) is a body somewhat resembling 



craniline. It i* produced on paving cyanogen into an alcoholic solu- 

 ion of toluidine. Cyanide of toluenyl, or cyanonilrili, is formed on 

 railing chloride of toluonyl with cyanide of potassium. 

 Two equivalent* of hydrogen in toluidine may, as in the cose of 



other organic liases, be substituted by alcohol radicals. Thus are 



obtained, 



Ktliyl-toluldine 



Dlcthyl-toluiilinc 



C.H. 

 II 



r'Jl"' 



C!H* 



Hydrate of tricthyl-tolucnyl-ammonium . N(C l H i ),C 1< II,, O, 110 



6. Acetate of toltunyl (C U H,0, C.HjO,,). A colourless, heavy oil. of 

 agreeable aromatic odour resembling that of certain pears. It is 

 Formed on adding sulphuric acid to solution of hydrate of tolucnyl in 

 acetic acid. 



TOLUENYL. [TOLCENIC Gnori'.] 



ToI.UKNYL-SULPHUROUS ACID. [ToLUESic GROUP.] 



TOLUIC ACID (HO, C in H,0.,). A volatUe solid, produced wh<-n 

 cymcne [CvMOLK or CAMFHOGEX] is heated with diluted nitric acid. 

 It occurs in white acicular crystals, very soluble in boiling water, in 

 alcohol, ether, or wood spirit. It is inodorous and tasteless. With 

 strong nitric acid it gives nHrotoluic acid (C, e H,(NO,)0,). 



Both tuluic and nitrotoluic acids are monobasic and form salts, of 

 which many are crystalline. Toluate of baryta contains (C ia H.BaO 4 ), 

 and nilrutoluate (C.oH.BafNO.JO,). Toluic ether boils at 442 J Fahr., 

 and has the composition (C^HXC.H^JO,). Nitrululuic ether has the 

 composition (C,.H 11 (C.H 5 ) (NO.)O,). 



TOLUIDINE. [TOLCENIC GROUP.] 



TOLUOLE. [TOI.VESIC GROUP.] 



TOLUONITRYLE. [ToLVESio GROUP.] 



TOLUYL-AMMONIA". [TOLUEXIC Giiorr.] 



TOMB (in Greek, rv/iftos ; Latin, Tumba ; Italian, Tomba ; French, 

 Tomlie and Tombcau) signifies, in its strict meaning, a mass of masonry 

 or stone-work raised immediately over a grave or vault used for inter- 

 ment; but it is often applied, in a wider sense, to any sepulchral 

 structure. Of primitive sepulchres there are two classes, one of which 

 may be distinguished by the general term Jfypogatan, that is, subter- 

 raneous and excavated; the other, by that of Jfypergcean , that is, 

 '. or raised mounds or tumuli heaped over the dead. 

 Monuments of the first kind are very 'numerous in Egypt, where they 

 occur in every variety, from the simple rock-hewn tomb to the ext 

 royal sepulchres consisting of numerous galleries and chambers. Tho 

 other class presents itself in the Pyramids, which, though far more arti- 

 ficial in form and construction, had no doubt a common origin with 

 the tumulus [TUMULUS], which occurs under various designations in 

 every part of the globe. 



The extraordinary labour bestowed in excavating or constructing 

 these ancient sepulchres is perhaps not so surprising as the lavish ness 

 with which the ancients embellished the subterraneous abodes of the 

 dead, not only adorning them with polychromy and paintings, but 

 depositing in them costly and ex inisitely-wrought articles. In this 

 respect there was a striking similarity between the practice of the 

 Egyptians and that of the Etrurians ; nor is the coincidence less 

 remarkable from such practice being contrary to that of the compara- 

 tively modern Greeks and Romans, whose tombs and sepulchres were 

 chiefly architectural erections intended for external display. Of 

 Egyptian architecture and art, some of the most astonishing memorials 

 are entombed within tho earth. Among these are what are called 

 the " Tombs of the Egyptian Kings," at Biban el Molouk, in one of 

 which Belzoni discovered the sarcophagus, or tomb, properly o termed, 

 which is now in the Soane Museum. [ EGYPTIAN AiuiirTKCTUim.] 

 In these tombs the entrance passages are narrow, and the first cham- 

 bers are smaller than those to which they lead. The numerous 

 paintings found in these tombs descril* 1 with minuteness the social life 

 and manners of the people, their banquets, their festivals, their amuse- 

 ments, then- costnnif, thrir furniture, their arU, and tin- various 

 utensils and implements employed in them. These records pro 1 . 

 only the perfection the mechanic arts had attained, but also tho 

 luxurious refinement of those remote ages. The game remark . 

 to the paintings and frescoes in the subterraneous tombs and sepulchral 

 chambers discovered since 1827 at Corneto, on the site of the ami. -nt 

 Tarquinii, at Vulci, ToscaneUa, Bomarzo, Cere, Val d'Asso, On-hia, and 

 other places in the ancient Etrni ia. A brief description of thi 

 be found under ETHUSCAN Am in 



Many of the tombs found in Lycia and other parts of Asia Minor 

 have columns and entablatures to their facades -wrought out of the 

 .-olid rock. Some of the Lycian tombs, however, are upright insulated 

 structures, either plain or decorated with pilasters and other ornaments, 

 with roofs whose section i a ]>in!i.l .urh, after the fashion of some of 

 the Indian IIKHIIIII. lii''h tln-y present a striking combi- 



nation of Oriental ami ' rms. Of sepulchres with temple- 



shaped facades there are two examples at Orchia, one of them a 

 tetrastyle, the other a distylc in antis. Both partake of the < < 

 Doric character, yet deviate from it greatly in two particulars : first, 

 in the great height of the pediment ; secondly, in the great width of 

 the intercolumns. What now remains of the columns themselves is 



