TOX. 



TORMENTIL. 



duty of praying for thrir tonlt : and hence the rule that a body should 

 not be buried in the church without the consent of the incumbent, he 

 being mprxaed to be (lone able to judge whether the deceased poe- 

 give him a title to that diitinction. The 



the qualities which give 

 churchyard wat anciently held among the ra taera, and no fee* were 

 taken (or the use of it : nevertheless the payment of feet to the clergy- 

 man dates, in thu country at least, from the Reformation, and the 

 non-payment of thoee frea ia held by the eccleaiaatieal court* a sufficient 

 ground for the clergyman to withhold his offioea, or at all event* to 

 prerent the erection of any monument or tablet for which he] had 

 previoualy given hia concent ; that eminent being supposed to imply 

 the payment of the uaual or a stipulated fee. The churchwarden* are 

 also entitled to a fee for burial* in the church, since on them falla the 

 expenee of repairing the pavement It is even maintained that an 

 incumbent is entitled to a fee upon the burial of hi* parishioner who 

 has died in bin pariah and ia removed for interment ,-]>< hn.-. Sir 

 II. S|lman preteives a vestry constitution of 1627 containing a table 

 of feea for burial in the chancel, the nave, and the churchyard ; the 

 interments in the churchyard being differently charged as they were 

 "coffined" or " uncoffincd." These feet are not imposed at the dis- 

 cretion of the parson or of the pariah ; they are matter of ecclesiastical 

 jurisdiction, and if they deviate from the amounts established by 

 custom, mutt be approved by the ordinary after consulting the minister 

 and the parishioners. 



A vault cannot properly be made either in the church or churchyard, 

 without the content of the ordinary signified by a faculty, that is, a 

 licence or permission, for that purpose ; and this be does not grant 

 until he has given the parson and parishioners an opportunity to 

 express their opinions. A vault may be attached by proscription to a 

 mansion ; or again, the proprietors of a mansion may have a prescrip- 

 tive right to be interred and to erect a tablet or tombstone in the 

 aisle or chapel appurtenant to that mansion. But it would seem that 

 the right adheres to the mansion, not to the family; who if they 

 cease to be parishioners relinquish their right to the vault, the use of 

 which may be granted to others. The heir, however, in this and in 

 all cases may obtain an action of trespass at the common law against 

 any one, even the parson or ordinary, who disturbs the remains, or 

 removes or defaces the monument of his ancestor, or the hatchment, 

 pennon, or coat armour suspended over bis grave. In some parishes 

 the parishioners have a prescriptive right to place a stone over a grave 

 in the churchyard upon payment of a certain fee etablished by 

 custom ; but nothing of height can properly be erected without the 

 consent of the ordinary ; nor can a tomb or tombstone be repaired 

 without the leave of the churchwardens ; although the granting of that 

 leave is a mere formality incumbent on those officers. 



The placing of a monument in the church or a tablet on its walls is 

 alto within the jurisdiction of the ordinary ; for the fixing of it in the 

 chancel the consent of the rector is required, yet a lay rector has not 

 a right to erect a monument or construct a vault there without a 

 faculty from the ordinary. To remove without the ordinary's content 

 a monument or tablet once erected is an offence which subjects to pro- 

 secution before the ecclesiastical court* the party committing it, even 

 though be should have himself erected the monument, and should 

 have the consent of the incumbent for its removal. 



At the erection of a tombstone, to the inscription upon it Is a matter 

 of ecclesiastical discipline, and an epitaph is unquestionably unlawful 

 which is contrary to the canons or constitutions of the church in force 

 at the time when the inscription is made. Thus when in a recent cose 

 the inscription " Pray fur the soul of A. B." was objected to in the 

 Kcclemattical Court as recognising the doctrine of purgatory, the judge 

 (whilst he deemed that prayers for the dead are not contrary to the 

 canons, and, therefore, that the epitaph was not unlawful) distinctly 

 affirmed the doctrine, that any new epitaph opposed to the doctrines of 

 the Church of England might be removed, and the inscription of such 

 an epitaph would subject the party who inscribed it to ecclesiastical 

 censure. 



(Haggard's ConriHary ll'porti, i. 1 4, 205 ; ii. 383 ; Curtcis's Eccltnat- 

 lical Jteparti, i. 880 ; Burn's Eccltricutical Late, article ' Burial ; ' and 

 Bonn's ditto.) 



'. nr Tl'N. In modem English spelling the tan is a weight 

 (twenty hundredweight, or '2240 pounds avoirdupois) and the run is a 

 measure of wine (two pipet, or 262 gallons). Accordingly, tome have 

 supposed that the measure was derived from the weight, and in fact a 

 < of water weighs about a Km. But a very little consideration of the 

 manner in which tomna and fn*na were used, is enough to convince 

 any one that the weight was derived from the measure. These words 

 are not classical, but they occur frequently in middle Latin (see 

 Ducange, in r*.), and always as signifying a large cask. The hollow 

 empty sound made by striking a large cask may have given rise to the 

 name : we have often heard them say ton as plain as a cask can speak. 

 The diminutive is ItmnrUa, which was often used, but not much in 

 England. The Commisdonen of Weight* and Measures found it only 

 in Cardiganshire, standing for sixteen bushels of lime. The modern 

 use of the word tunnel is now familiar enough. The old taxes of ton- 

 nage and poundage are enough to create a suspicion that the ton was 

 originally a measure. This phrase would be tautology if tonnage 

 meant a tax upon weight : we must understand tonnage and poundage 

 to be a tax on measure and a Ux on weight. 



There are many local tons of weight which have sprung up in modem 

 times. 



TUNE (in Music). The technical use of this word may be teen in 

 SCALE, TKTIIACDORD, Ac., in which it signifies a mmieal interval. In 

 common language it refers to the quality of a musical sound, as when 

 we tpeak of a fine-toned instrument 



In painting, the word tone it used in a somewhat similar manner. 

 With reference to a particular tint it expnttet the degree, quality, or 

 intensity of a colour or shade, in relation to the other colon of the 

 picture, or to the chiaroscuro. The tone of a picture, on the other 

 hand, hat relation to the general scale of colouring : thus a painting it 

 said to be low, or gray, or warm in tone. 



TONICS. [AKALKPTICS.] 



TONNAGE is the term for the capacity of burden possessed by a 

 ship or other floating vessel. The amount of tonnage possessed by the 

 United Kingdom is given under TRADE and SHIITI 



TONNAUE (orTUNNAOK) AND POUNDAGE. [SUBSIDY.] 



TONSILS, DISKASKS OK THE. [QmY.] 



TONSt'ltE Un.ni the Latin, tondert, " to clip") is the name given 

 to a distinguishing mark of the clergy of the Roman Catholic clmn-h, 

 formed by cutting off a portion of the hair from the head. Mention is 

 made of polled or shaven crowns in connection with the clerical cha- 

 racter ih the earliest ages of the church ; but it seems to be clear that 

 this hoe nothing to do with the modern tonsure : the practice of shaving 

 the head or wearing the hair too short is in fact condemned in priest* 

 by Jerome and others of the Fathers. (' Bingham's ' Origines Ecclesias- 

 tics 1 ,' b. vi. o. iv. s. 16.) What ia now called the tonsure was probably 

 introduced not earlier than the latter port of the 5th century. Various 

 explanations of its mystical meaning have been proposed : one theory 

 is, that it is a sign of adoption by the church ; another, that it it 

 intended to symbolise the clerical subjection and obedience ; another, 

 that it is a memorial of the Saviour's crown of thorns, Ac. Accenting 

 to the existing and long-established practice, the tonsure it formed by 

 clipping away the hair from a circular space on the back of the head. 

 The application of the scissors by the bishop to remove the first tuft 

 is the initiatory rite by which persons are received into the clerical 

 order. Of course the clerical crown, as it is called, mutt be preserved 

 by repeated trimming when necessary ; and the practice, we believe, it 

 to enlarge it as the wearer rises in ecclesiastical station anil dignity. 

 The present however was not the universal form of the toiiMu in 

 former times. When the missionaries who hod come over to Britain 

 from Rome encountered in the 7th century the Scottish and Irish 

 priests, they were horrified by observing that instead of a circular 

 tonsure on the occiput, they were distinguished by a tonsure in the 

 shape of a crescent on the forehead. The Roman missionaries asserted 

 that this was the sort of tonsure worn by Simon Magus and his dis- 

 ciples. The true form of the tonsure and the proper mode ot*alcu- 

 luting Easter were the chief subjects of theological controversy in 

 this island in the latter part of the 7th and the beginning of the 5th 

 centuries. 



TONTINE, a species of life annuity, to called from Lorenzo Tonti, 

 a Neapolitan, with whom the scheme originated, and who introduced 

 it into France, where the first tontine was opened in 1653. The sub- 

 scribers were divided into ton classes, according to their ages, or W.TO 

 allowed to appoint nominees, who were to divided, and a proportionate 

 annuity being assigned to each class, thoee who lived longest had the 

 benefit of their survivorship, by the whole annuity being divided 

 amongst the diminished number. The terms of this tontine may be 

 seen in tho French ' Encyclopedic ' (' Finance ' division, vol. iii ). In 

 1689 a second tontine was opened in France. The last survivor wot a 

 widow, who, at the period of her death, at the age of 96, enjoyed an 

 income of "3,600 livres for her original subscription of 300 livres. The 

 lost French tontine was opened in 1759. They had been found very 

 onerous, and in 1 763 the Council of State determined that this sort of 

 financial o]>eration should not be again adopted. Tontines have seldom 

 been retorted to in England as a measure of finance. The last for 

 which the government opened subscriptions was in 1789. The terms 

 may be seen in Hamilton's ' Hist. Public Revenue.' A few private 

 speculations have been entered into in the United Kingdom on the 

 plan of the tontine. 



TOPOGRAPHY (from the Greek Tenroypo^/a, which is from rtroi, 

 " a place," and yfj^>,ia>, " describe "). Perhaps the nearest correspond- 

 ing combination of English words would be " place-description." The 

 word topography i limited by usage to the description of cities, towns, 

 village*, castles, churches, and other artificial structures, including 

 notices of everything belonging to the place* or connected with them ; 

 for instance, not only the site, construction of the streets, public build- 

 ings, ftc., of cities and towns, but the number of inhabitant*, trade, 

 history, and so forth. The word occurs in the Greek writers. Cicero 

 (' ad Attic.,' i. 13) uses Topotkeiy (rmattalat) as synonymous with topo- 

 graphy, though topothesy should have a different meaning. In the 

 Greek " topography " has a wider meaning than it has with us. But a 

 description of a given place, with reference to it* physical character, 

 hardly comes within our notion of a topographical description, which 

 is generally, at least, limited as above stated. 



TOREUTIC [ScuiPTUM.] 



TORMENTIL, Tormentilla oficinali* (Smith), crecta (Linn.), a small 

 perennial plant, growing in the whole of Europe and the north of Asia, 



