TOURNIQUET. 



TOWNLEY MARBLES. 



294 



ment, like the other customs of chivalry, must be properly considered 

 to have taken its rise after the establishment of the feudal system. 

 Some writers attribute the invention of the tournament to the 

 Etuperor Henry, surnamed the Fowler, who died in 936 ; and another 

 common account, given on the authority of the Chronicle of Tours, 

 and the Chronicle of St. Martin of Tours, is that its inventor was 

 Geoffrey of Preuilly, ancestor of the counts of Anjou, who died in 

 1066 ; but Du Cange, in his Dissertations ' De 1'Origine et de 1'Usage 

 dea Tournoia,' at the end of his edition of Joinville, quotes various 

 notices of tournaments held before the age of either of these personages : 

 among others, one which took place at the celebrated interview between 

 Louis of Germany and Charles the Bald of France, at Strasburg, in 

 841, as mentioned by the contemporary chronicler Nithard. Geoffrey 

 of Preuilly perhaps introduced the tournament into Western France. 

 From the French it appears to have passed to the English and the 

 Germans, and, in a later age, to the Italians and the Greeks. Tourna- 

 ments are said to have been first practised by the English in the time 

 of Stephen ; but they were forbidden by Henry II., as they had 

 already been by the church ; and it was not till the reign of Richard 

 Ccour-de-Lion that they were properly established in this country. 

 The flourishing era of the tournament, here as well as in France and 

 elsewhere, was in the 13th and 14th centuries; but it continued in 

 frequent use down to the middle of the 16th, and was not altogether 

 abandoned till a considerably later date, although the few tournaments 

 that were held in the latter part of that century were rather such mere 

 shows or spectacles as have been sometimes exhibited under the same 

 name even in our own day, than the real combats which were so called 

 in an earlier age. The accident of Henry II. of France meeting his 

 death at a tournament in 1559 almost at once occasioned the cessation 

 of the practice everywhere as well as in France; but the spirit by 

 which it was formerly kept up had long before this been decaying 

 under the influence of the various circumstances which, at least from 

 the middle of the preceding century, had been operating a general 

 change in the social condition of Europe. Among the physical causes 

 in question the chief may be considered to have been the introduction 

 of lire-arms into war; among the moral, the extension of the com- 

 mercial spirit, and the rise everywhere of a new literature, together 

 bringing with them other habits, other tastes, another civilisation. 

 The Church of Rome, however, it may be observed, which had set its 

 face very stoutly against tournaments from about the middle of the 

 12th to the middle of the 13th century, prohibiting persons from 

 engaging in them by some of its decrees on pain of excommunication, 

 and denting Christian burial to such as lost then- lives in these con- 

 tests, had long been reconciled to them, and for some ages had rather 

 cherished and encouraged the practice than otherwise. 



Tournaments were usually held on the invitation of some prince, 

 which was proclaimed by his heralds throughout his own dominions, 

 and at all the foreign courts or other places whence it was expected or 



1 that parties might come to take part in the martial competition. 

 A detail of the forms and ceremonies that were observed in fixing the 

 lists (or boundaries within which the fighting was to take place), ill 

 offering and accepting the challenges, in declaring the issue of each 

 encounter, and in assigning and bestowing the prizes (which last office 

 was often performed by female hands), cannot be attempted here. All 

 these particulars, together with the usual laws or regulations of the 

 combat, and the mode of fighting (which was commonly with lances 

 and swords, and in the first instance always on horseback, although 

 parties who were dismounted frequently continued the contest on 

 foot), may be most conveniently learned from the many accounts of 

 tournaments in Froissart and other old chroniclers, or even from such 

 fictitious narratives as the ' Knight's Tale of PuLimoii and Arcite,' in 

 Chaucer (or Dryden's paraphrase of it), or that of the tournament at 

 A*hby in Scott's ' Ivanhoe,' or from Scott in his ' Essay on Chivalry ' 

 (' Miscellaneous Prose Works '). 



The distinction between a tournament and a joust, or just, is not 

 very clear. Du Cange makes the joust to be properly a single combat 

 or duel, whereas in a tournament a considerable number of combatants 

 were commonly engaged on each side. But this distinction U certainly 

 not generally observed in the use of the two words ; and our English 

 ' , Spelman, who defines tornian, " gladiis concutere, Justus 

 facere, hastitudium exercere," does not appear to have been aware of 

 it. The term jouste or joust has been derived, improbably enough, 

 from the Latin ju.cta, " near to," because, say the etymologists, the 

 combatants here fought hand to hand. It is, no doubt, connected 

 with the verb to justle, or jostle (in French, jouiter), though possibly 

 tin: original word may be best preserved in the Italian form giottra, 

 which the Byzantine writers have imitated in their rfuvarfai and 

 ffouarpia. There was also the species of single combat termed a pa 



', or passage of arms : it was at a fat d'armti that Henry II. 



was killed. On this subject, besides the works quoted above, the 



reader may consult the ' Traitd des Tournois, Joustes, Carrousels, et 



autres spectacles publics ' (]>ar Claude Francois Menestrier), 4to, Lyon, 



ml ' Me'inoires sur f'ancienne Chevalerie, conside're'e couime un 



.-itTiient politiijiie tt militaire,' par J. 13. de la Curne de St. 



ED. lUiu", I';,ri-,, 17".'J-1781. 



T<Jl'RNI<H ; KT is a peculiar kind of bandage applied to a limb 



; the current of blood through its main 



It If employed for this purpose in several cases, but especially 



in amputations of parts of the limbs, where large arteries have to be 

 suddenly cut across. Before the invention of the tourniquet, surgeons 

 used to constrict the limb with a simple tight bandage ; but although 

 this plan may well be resorted to in an emergency, it not only produces 

 excessive pain, but, by obstructing the current through the veins more 

 than that through tho arteries, produces an extreme engorgement of 

 the limb, and in amputation permits severe haemorrhage. A slight 

 improvement in this plan was that of twisting pieces of wood under 

 the band, and so gradually tightening it; but the first instrument 

 formed on the principles of the tourniquet was invented by Jean Louis 

 Petit in 1718. Since that time various changes have been introduced, 

 but at present the construction of all tourniquets is nearly similar, 

 They consist of a very tough band, about an inch and a half wide, upon 

 which there is a moveable leather pad, to be placed immediately over 

 the artery on which it is desirable that the chief pressure should be 

 applied. For this purpose, also, the surface of the pad must be 

 directed towards the bone of the limb, that the artery may be pressed 

 firmly against it. The rest of the band is passed round the limb, and 

 is fastened by a buckle. It is tightened and loosened by means of a 

 bridge of brass, which is capable of being elevated or let down by a 

 screw passing through it, and at the ends of which there are two small 

 rollers, around each of which the band is made to take a half turn. In 

 use, the bridge and screw are placed on the opposite side of the limb 

 to the pad. 



The tourniquet is now not so generally used as formerly. Many 

 surgeons prefer to have the artery compressed during an amputation 

 by an assistant, because the tourniquet is not free from the objection 

 of compressing the veins as well as the artery, and is liable to accidents 

 which cannot be instantly repaired. An instrument of a superior 

 character has also been invented by Signer Signoroni, a surgeon at 

 Milan. It is composed of two arches of steel, connected by a hinge at 

 one end, and each bearing at the other end a pad. By an Archimedes 

 screw ingeniously placed at the hinge, the pads can be approximated 

 and separated like the ends of the blades of a pair of calippers, and 

 can be immoveably fixed in any position. In use, one pad is put over 

 the artery, and the other on the opposite part of the limb, and the 

 screw is worked till, in their tendency to approximate, the pads have 

 sufficiently compressed the artery, upon which alone the pressure is 

 thus made to fall. 



As already said, in an emergency, such as that of a wound of any of 

 the large arteries of a limb, when medical aid is not near, the old- 

 fashioned tourniquet should be instantly applied. A piece of strong 

 tape or cord should be tied in a double knot round the limb above the 

 wound ; a piece of wood, or anything firm, should be then passed under 

 it, and twisted, just as packers tighten the cords round bales and boxes, 

 till the flow of blood has ceased. For htcmorrhage from large veins or 

 small arteries, this tourniquet should not be employed, but simple 

 pressure with the finger or the hand. 



TU\VN, in its popular sense, is a large assemblage of adjoining or 

 nearly adjoining houses, to which a market is usually incident. 

 Formerly a wall seems to have been considered necessary to constitute 

 a town ; and the derivation of the word, in its Anglo-Saxon form 

 " tun," is usually referred to the verb " tinan," to shut or enclose. In 

 legal language " town " corresponds with the Norman " vill," by which 

 latter term it is frequently spoken of in order to distinguish it from 

 the word town in its popular sense, A vill or town is a subdivision of 

 a county, as a parish is part or subdivision of a diocese ; the vill, the 

 civil district, being usually co-extensive with the parish, the eccle- 

 siastical district, and, jnimd facie, every parish is a vill, and every vill 

 a parish. Many towns however, not only in the popular, but in the 

 legal sense of the term, contain several parishes, and many parishes, 

 particularly in the north of England, where the parishes are exceed- 

 ingly large, contain several vills, which vills are usually called tithings 

 or townships. As until the contrary is shown the law presumes towns 

 (or vills) and parishes to be co-extensive, Lord Coke goes so far as to 

 say that it cannot be in law a vill unless it hath, or in times past hath 

 bad, a church, and celebration of divine service, sacraments, and burials. 

 But this, for which no authority is given, appears to confound parish 

 and vill, and to be inconsistent with the cases in which it has been 

 held that a parish may consist of several vills. (1 Lord Raymond, 22.) 

 The test proposed by Lord Holt is, that a vill must have a constable, 

 and that otherwise the place is only a hamlet, an assemblage of houses 

 having no specific legal character. Hence a vill is sometimes called a 

 ct/mtalilemck. Towns are divided into cities, boroughs, and upland 

 towns, or (as we should now call them) country towns. Towns be- 

 longing to the last of these classes have been described as places which, 

 though enclosed, are not governed, as cities and boroughs are, by their 

 own elected officers. The Anglo-Saxon " tun " terminates the names 

 of an immense number of places' in England ; and in the southern 

 counties the farm enclosure in which the homestead stands is usually 

 called the barton (barn-(uif), in Law Latin, bertona. 



TCTWNLEY MARBLES, the name of an assemblage of Greek and 

 Roman sculpture which now forms a portion of the extensive collection 

 of antiquities in the British Museum. It received its appellation from 

 Charles Townley, Esq., of Townley in Lancashire, who began forming 

 this collection whilst residing in Rome between 1765 and 1772, a 

 period when excavations on the sites of ancient edifices were eagerly 

 prosecuted. Mr. Townley was a Roman Catholic, educated on the 



