TOWNSHIP. 



TKV OBOTOMT. 



Continent, Mid, being well connected, was in friendly relation* with 

 the papal authorities, and wu at the tame time in intimate association 

 with Winckelmann, Qitrin Hamilton, and other distinguished artuU 

 and archaeologist* then resident in Rome, and who readily afforded 

 their advice and assistance in hii purchases. Thus aided, he nioceeded 

 whilxt at Rome in bringing together a Tory choice collection of ancient 

 marble*, bronze*, terra-cottu, gem*, Ac. ; and after hia return to 

 England he continued to add to it by means of agents at Rome, who 

 kept him apprised of any really valuable works which were brought to 

 light and open to purchase, a* well as by the purchase of the collection 

 previously formed by Nollekens, the sculptor, nnd any desirable speci- 

 mens offered for sale in this country. After Mr. Townley's death, in 

 January, 1S05, his executors, in accordance with the terms of his will, 

 offered his collection of terra-cottu and marbles to the nation. The 

 government accepted the offer, and a vote of 20,0001. was obtained for 

 the purchase. The broiutes, coins, and gems were subsequently (181 4) 

 purchased for 8200/. The purchase of the Townley marbles rendered 

 necessary the erection of a suite of rooms to contain these and the pre- 

 viously acquired works of ancient art, and led to the creation of a new 

 department under the title of the Department of Antiquities. The 

 collection was opened to the public in 1807, and was called the Townley 

 Gallery ; but since the rooms originally built for the collection have 

 been swept away to make room for the present structure, the Townley 

 marbles nave been incorporated with the general collection of Gnoco- 

 Roman remains, or " works discovered in Italy, but owing their origin 

 and character, either directly or mediately, to the Greek schools of 

 sculpture." Of these works which fill the Gncco-Roman galleries in 

 the British Museum, the Townley collection forms the most important 

 portion, both as regards extent and character. It would be out of 

 place to particularise here the specimens of a collection which is now 

 incorporated in the national collection, but we may mention that 

 among the statues belonging to it are the exquisite Aphrodite, or 

 Dione (given in this work under DIOXE) ; the Discobolus (the finest of 

 its kind extant, engraved under DISCOBOLUS) ; the well known Drunken 

 Faun; a fine bronze Heracles [HERACLES], a Fortune, and several 

 more of a very high character : that among the rilievi are, Achilles ; 

 the Muses ; the singularly graceful Bacchante, and various Dionysiac 

 groups, given under DIOXVSIA ; and that the busts include some of the 

 noblest character, including an early Heracles ; the Hera, given under 

 that name ; others of Athene, Zeus, Apollo, and other of the Olympian 

 deities; the terminal Pan; the very beautiful female head rising 

 from the petals of a water-lily or lotus, known as the Clytae ; the 

 majestic Homer; with others of the finest of the Gncco-Roman 

 period, and many of Roman date. There are besides some very fine 

 sculptured vases, sepulchral urns, cippi, altars, 4c., in the Grtcco- 

 Roman rooms, as well as the terra-cottas which formed a part of the 

 original Townley collection. A full account of the Townley Marbles 

 will be found in the two volumes published under that title in the 

 ' Library of Entertaining Knowledge.' 



TOWNSHIP. This term is sometimes used to denote the inha- 

 bitants of a town in their collective capacity. In legal signification it 

 is a vill forming part of a parish in cases where a parish has been divided 

 for secular purposes into several vills or townships. 



THACKKV, in architecture, a term of uncertain origin, and almost 

 peculiar to our own architectural vocabulary, there being no cor- 

 responding term in any other language to denote with equal brevity 

 and clearness that species of pattern-work formed or Irarnl in the head 

 of a Gothic window by the mullions [Mri.uoN] being there continued, 

 but diverging into arches, curves, and flowing lines, enriched with 

 foliations. The term is also applied to ornamental design of the same 

 character, whether for doors, panelling, or ceilings; the only difference 

 being that in windows the pattern or tracery is perforated, and in 

 other cues closed, that is, is n mere pattern carved on the surface of a 

 solid part; except in particular instances, where the tracery on 

 parapets, battlements, turrets, spires, *c , is pierced, and then it is 

 described as oprv-work. The latter term necessarily implies tracery of 

 Home kind or other, though " tracery " does not imply " open-work," 

 the latter being merely an exception from the usual mixle. 



Much both of the beauty and character of the Gothic or Pointed 

 style depends upon windows and their tracery ; and it is one great and 

 peculiar merit of the style, that such indispensable n)>erturc.- 

 admission of light are made to constitute some of its most striking 

 features, and to exhibit very forcibly the pervading principle of the 

 entire system. On referring to QoTiur AnriiiTKcrriiK, col. 440, it 

 will be seen that tracery does not occur in the First Pointed or Early 

 English style, for there the windows consist merely of so many single 

 apertures, placed side by side, and united only by their external 

 mouldings, instead of being included within a larger arch. The first 

 principle followed was therefore rather of addition than of combination ; 

 but as soon a the hitter idea was adopted, it necessarily led to the 

 continuation of the window by perforating the tympanum, or space 

 between the smaller arches and the larger one over them. At first 

 this was usually done by filling up the html of the window with a 

 Dingle circle cut into foils, and with the open spandrels or smaller 

 triangular space! so produced. Of such windows an example from 

 Westminster Abbey is shown in the column above referred to, and in 

 the following columns are other instances where tracery of the same 

 character becomes more elaborate and complicated, either by the circle 



being repeated, as in the example from York, or subdivided into 

 smaller ornamental compartments, as in that from Exeter. This species 

 of tracery has been very inappropriately distinguished by the name of 

 ytomttrical, while that which succeeded it u termed Fl<nri*n from its 

 being composed throughout of curved lines interwoven with each 

 other, after the manner of the example from Kirton, which is shown 

 along with the others above mentioned. In Third Pointed or Perpen- 

 dicular tracery, on the contrary, the lines of the mullions are continual 

 in the head of the window, and divide it into panels, which are in turn 

 Kulxlivided into smaller ones. The annexed is a specimen of such 

 window, from St. Mary's Church, Oxford. 



What is called Flamboyant tracery is a species of the F< 

 tracery peculiar to French Gothic, and is remarkable not only fur 

 its richness and intricacy, but for its irregularity, the pattern of tin- 

 separate compartments not being perfectly symmetrical, although one 

 half of the window corresponds with the other. To the . 

 mentioned varieties maybe added another peculiar to Germany, but 

 not very common there ; this has obtained the name of Slum)i \ ; 

 in consequence of some of the mouldings appearing to be broken nil', 

 and leaving only short ends or stumps where they intersect other 

 lines. 



TRACHEOTOMY is the operation of cutting into the trachea. It 

 is sometimes also called Bronchotomy ; and a similar operation on tin- 

 lower part of the larynx is named Laryngotomy. The anatomy of the 

 parts principally concerned in these operations will be found in the 

 articles LAHYNX and RESPIRATION, in NAT. HIST. Drv. 



Tracheotomy may be performed for several purposes ; as, to form an 

 aperture either for the admission of air into the lungs, when the 

 fauces, or upper parts of the air-passages are obstructed, or for tin- 

 extraction of foreign bodies from the adjacent parts of the air-passages, 

 or for the facility of inflating the lungs in suspended animation. In 

 the first view it may be necessary in many diseases ; such as croup, 

 acute laryngitis, rrdeina of the glottis, severe cases of quinsy, tumours, 

 and other growths in tin- larynx or pressing on it, and diphtheria : in all 

 of which the aperture through the glottis is frequently C!OK, 

 merely by the swelling of the membranes around it, or the enlan.- 

 of the adjacent parts, but by the spasmodic and fixed contra. 

 the muscles whose office it is to approximate the vocal ligaments. The 

 relief afforded by the operation is often instantaneoux, and, for a time, 

 complete ; but its ultimate results are less certain, for though it may !> 

 mitlieient to prevent the impending suffocation, it has no inllui-n.-i- in 

 arresting the original disease. On the contrary, the ..p-i.ition ' 

 not without danger ; and that, both from the accidents that may occur 

 in its performance, and from its subsequent effects ; and tin 

 although no general rule can be laid down, its performance should n !, 

 be undertaken unadvisedly, nor in any cases in which it is not abso- 

 lutely and almost immediately necessary for the preservation of life. 



In its performance a vertical incision is first made in the median lino 

 of the throat, either below the thyroid gland, or more or less above it, 

 according to the circumstances of the case and the object to be accom- 

 plished. The dissection must then bo continued carefully onwards in 

 the same direction, pushing aside the stcrno-hyoi.l muscles, and what- 

 ever vessels lie in or near the miilille line, till the trachea is com 

 exposed. When the hemorrhage has ceased, or is but slight, the 

 trachea must be opened, first by a vertical incision, and then by 

 removing portions of one or more of its rings, according to the 

 the aperture that is required. Through tins owning a short silver 

 canula must be introduced, and, as often as is rendered necessary by 

 mucus accumulating in it, must be removed, cleaned, and again intro- 

 duced. The means to be subsequently adopted must vary with the 



