353 



TREATIES, CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF. 



TRENT, COUNCIL OF. 



354 



1844, September 2. Treaty between Belgium and the German States 

 parties to the Zollverein. 



1845, May 29. A Convention signed in London between Great 

 Britain and France for the suppression of the Slave Trade. 



1845, June 25. Treaty of Commerce for ten years ratified between 

 Great Britain and the Two Sicilies. 



1846, November 16. Austria, Russia, and Prussia revoke the treaty 

 of 1815, constituting Cracow a free republic, and restore the territory 

 to Austria. Soon after the kingdom of Poland is incorporated with 

 Russia. Great Britain, France, Sweden, and Turkey unite in a protest 

 against these proceedings. 



1849, August 6. Treaty of Milan, between Austria and Sardinia. 



1 850, February 27. Treaty at Munich between Austria, Bavaria, 

 Saxony, and Wurtemberg, to form a Southern German Union against 

 the pretensions of Prussia. 



1850, April 19. Treaty at Washington between Great Britain and 

 the United States, respecting a ship-canal through the state of Nica- 

 ragua, to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 



1850, July 2. Treaty of Peace between Prussia and Denmark, 

 Prussia withdrawing from the support of the duchies of Holstein and 

 Schleswig ; and on July 4 a protocol was signed in London between 

 Great Britain, France, Prussia, and Sweden, guaranteeing the integrity 

 of the Danish territories. 



1852, April 6. Coalition at Darmstadt between Saxony, Bavaria, 

 Wurtemberg, Baden, Nassau, and the two Hesses, against the renewal 

 of the Zollverein, except Austria be admitted into the Union. 



1853, February 18. Treaty at Washington between Great Britain 

 and the United States, for an international copyright. 



1853 February 19. Commercial Treaty signed at Berlin between 

 Austria and Prussia, for twelve years. 



1853, December 3. Protocol signed at Vienna by Great Britain, 

 France, Austria, and Prussia, for the maintenance of the integrity of 

 the Ottoman empire, and for the restoration of peace between her and 



1854, March 12. Alliance of Constantinople, between Great Britain, 

 France, and Turkey, against the hostilities of Russia. 



1854, April 20. Treaty of Berlin, between Austria and Prussia, for 

 the mutual defence of their respective territories, and of Germany ; 

 and against Russia, should that power cross the Balkan. 



1854, June 7. Treaty at Washington between the United States 

 and Canada, by which the British-American coast-fisheries are thrown 

 open to the United States fishermen, the navigation of the St. Law- 

 rence and the Canadian lakes declared free, and the products of the 

 two countries (except sugar and tobacco) reciprocally exempted from 

 duty. 



1854, December 2. Treaty of Alliance signed at Vienna between 

 Great Britain, France, and Austria. 



1855, January 10. Sardinia joins the Alliance of Great Britain and 

 France against Russia, agreeing to send a contingent force to the 

 Crimea. 



1855, November 9. An international copyright treaty concluded 

 with Prussia. 



1856, February 1. Protocol signed at Paris by the plenipotentiaries 

 of Russia, and those of Great Britain, France, Austria, and Turkey, for 

 a peace between those powers. 



1857, March 3. Treaty of Peace signed at Paris between Great 

 Britain and Persia. 



1 857, March 1 4. Treaty between Denmark and the principal states 

 of Europe, for the abolition of the Sound dues; signed at Copenhagen. 



1857, May 26. Treaty signed at Paris by the great European 

 Powers, for the settlement of the dispute between Prussia and Switzer- 

 land relative to Neufchatel. 



1858, June 26. Treaty of Tien-tsin with China, by which inter- 

 course with the interior of China was stipulated for, several additional 

 ports were opened to British commerce, and a British ambassador 

 admitted to reside at Pekin. 



1858, August 20. Convention signed at Paris, constituting Moldavia 

 and Wallachia independent principalities, under the suzerainty of 

 Turkey. 



1858, August 26. Commercial Treaty between Great Britain and 

 Japan, signed at Jeddo. 



1860, February 11. Commercial Treaty between Great Britain and 

 France, published in the ' Moniteur.' 



1860, March 24. Treaty between France and Sardinia, signed at 

 Turin, by which Savoy and Nice are ceded to France. 



1860, July 1 1 . Peace of Villa Franca, between France and Austria, 

 by which Lombardy is transferred to Sardinia, and a confederation of 

 Italian States, under the protection of Austria, stipulated for. This 

 treaty was formally ratified at Zurich on Nov. 1 1 . 



1860, OcUiU'r >. I. Ratification of the Treaty of Tien-tsin, and a 

 new peace with China, signed at Pekin ; China paying an indemnity 

 for the expenses of the allies and the losses of the British merchants. 



1861, May 1. Commercial Treaty between France and Belgium. 

 1861, May 15. Commercial Treaty between Great Britain and 



Turkey, signed at Constantinople. 



There are several voluminous collections of treaties, of which one of 

 the most complete is that of G. F. von Martens, who continued the 

 works of Du Mont and Rousset, of which the first volume was published 



ARTS AHD SCI. DIV. VOL. VIII. 



in 1790. A preliminary account of all preceding printed collections 

 was published by him in 1802. Successive supplements, by different 

 editors, have brought down the account of the various treaties to a very 

 recent period. The collection of C. W. Koch, in 15 vols. 8vo, is a use- 

 ful one, but does not come down so late. 



TREES, LAWS RELATING TO. [TIMBER.] 



TRENCH, in military works, is an excavation in the ground from 

 twelve to eighteen feet wide, and three feet deep, and generally of con- 

 siderable length, the earth being thrown up on one side in order to 

 form a sort of parapet by which the soldiers in the trench may be 

 covered from the view, or protected from the fire of the enemy. [Sir ; 

 .SIEGE.] 



TRENT, COUNCIL OF (Concilium Tridentinum), was first 

 convoked by a bull of Pope Paul III., dated May, 1542, but the 

 war between the Emperor Charles V. and Francis I. of France, 

 together with the negotiations then being carried on between the 

 emperor and the German princes who had embraced the Protestant 

 faith, prevented its installation xmtil December 13, 1545 : even then 

 only four archbishops, twenty bishops, five heads of monastic orders, 

 three papal legates, and an auditor, besides the imperial orators or 

 envoys, were present ; but other prelates afterwards gradually joined 

 the assembly. After arranging some preliminary difficulties, the 

 council proceeded to consider the two great objects for which it had 

 been convoked the definition of the dogmas of faith and the con- 

 demnation of heresies, and the reform of the church in matters of 

 discipline and jurisdiction. The German bishops, supported by the 

 envoys of the emperor, urged that the labours of the council should 

 begin with the business of reform, as it was the relaxation of discipline 

 that had first occasioned the present schism in the church, and that 

 the only chance of reclaiming the seceders was to manifest an earnest 

 will to reform abuses before proceeding to condemn them and their 

 tenets ; that if the council did not take in hand speedily the work of 

 church reform, the lay powers would take it up themselves, to the 

 manifest injury of the ecclesiastical authority. The bishop prince of 

 Trent spoke at length on this side, as, being on the threshold of Ger- 

 many, he was acquainted with the state of opinions in that country ; 

 and the majority of the prelates seemed to incline to his opinion. The 

 papal legates, however, supported by the Italian prelates, were of 

 opinion that the council should begin with defining the dogmas, as 

 that was the highest task, and ought to be first attended to, because 

 faith is the foundation of all moral virtues ; that the outcry about 

 reform was well known to be mainly directed against the court of 

 Rome and its jurisdiction, and was an indirect attack upon the autho- 

 rity of the sovereign pontiff, towards whom it would be more reverent 

 to leave him the initiative in correcting the abuses of his own court, 

 while the council was attending to the graver questions of religion, 

 otherwise dissensions would arise between the head and body of the 

 church, only to the advantage and satisfaction of heretics. At last, in 

 order to conciliate all parties, it was resolved that the two departments 

 of doctrine and discipline should be proceeded with simultaneously ; 

 that for every sitting congregation engaged in discussions on dogma, 

 there should be another concerning the reform of discipline ; and this 

 resolution was at last agreed to by the pope. 



The council, at the beginning of its regular Session, undertook to 

 define first of all what were the sources of authority in matters of 

 faith. It declared that the Catholic doctrines are contained in the 

 authentic books of the Old and New Testaments, and also in the 

 traditions concerning faith and morals which are preserved in the 

 Catholic Church. This was a condemnation of Luther's assertion that 

 all the doctrine of the Christian faith is contained in the Scriptures, 

 and that unwritten tradition is not to be held as authority. 



The council next proceeded to define the dogmas of faith, such as 

 those of original sin, predestination, grace, and free will, the definition 

 of which may be seen in the catechism published by the name of 

 ' Catechismus ad Parochos," or ' Catechism of the Council of Trent/ 

 which is translated into most languages. 



The council next propounded the doctrine of the church concerning 

 the sacraments, which they stated to be seven in number, namel,y, 

 baptism, confirmation, the eucharist, confession or penitence, extreme 

 unction, ordination, and matrimony ; and afterwards they proceeded to 

 treat of each of them seriatim, laying down the orthodox doctrine and 

 anathematising' the discordant tenets of the Lutherans, Zwinglians, and 

 other heretics. At the same time the council proceeded with discussions 

 on subjects of discipline and reform. The question of pluralities proved 

 a most difficult one to settle. The Spanish bishops made a strong 

 remonstrance against the abuses of pluralities and non-residence, and 

 wished the council to pass at once severe decrees against both. The 

 legates proposed that the pope should take into his own hands the task 

 of reform, and they wrote to Rome accordingly, and the pope directed 

 a bull to the council by which he referred the matter to himself. This 

 bull met with great opposition, and was a source of misunderstanding 

 between Rome and the council. At last, in March, 1547, the legates 

 suddenly closed the session, which was reckoned the seventh since the 

 opening of the council, and in virtue of the authority they held from 

 the pope they transferred the council to Bologna, under the plea that a 

 contagious disorder had broken out in the city of Trent. The majority 

 of the prelates assented ; but there were eighteen bishops, chiefly of 

 the dominions of the emperor, who refused to Itave Trent. The others 



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