TRENT, COUNCIL OF. 



TREPHINE. 



M 



followed the legatee to Bologna, where, after opening the session, the 

 council KM adjourned tint dit. Charles V. protested apunrt the 

 tUiii, of Bologna, which he (lid not acknowledge a* * council, and 

 insisted upon the council being restored to Trent 



In 1549 Pope Paul III. died, and hi. successor Julim HI. again 

 oonroked the council at Trent, in May, 1651. Not many prelate* 

 Headed. The council of Trent proceeded to define the doctrine of 

 transubBtantiation. the Lord'* Supper, and the man, Hid afterwards 

 that of confession and the other sacraments. At the same time decrees 

 were made concerning points of discipline, touching the episcopal 

 jurisdiction, the appeals to Rome, and other such matters. In 1652 

 the pope prorogued the council, and this prorogation was continued 

 (or ten years, during which period three popes died in succession, 

 Julius III., Marccllus II., and I'.ml IV. At laM, Pius IV. being elected, 

 began to think seriously of re-opening the general council, of which the 

 church seemed to stand more in need than ever. 



In 1661 the Fathers gathered again at Trout, ami nn the 18th of 

 January, 1564, the session was solemnly opened. One hundred and 

 twelve, consisting of archbishops, bishops, and mitred abbots, were 

 present, besides the cardinals. The orators of the various states were 

 also present After very lengthened discussions on various subjects, 

 and some interruptions from political causes, the council, in July, 1568, 

 issued its canon on the subject of residence. Without entering into the 

 question of divine right, it enjoined all bishops, archbishops, and cardi- 

 nals baring the charge of a see or cathedral church, to reside personally 

 in their respective cathedrals throughout the year, and more especially 

 during the Lent, Advent, Christina.*, Easter, and other solemn i> 

 except in cases of urgent necessity, through motives of Christian 

 charity, or "for the evident advantage of the church or common- 

 wealth," and then not without the written approbation of the pope or 

 of the metropolitan. The same decree was extended to incumbents of 

 parishes. 



The council issued a canon concerning the doctrine of the institution 

 of bUhops. It stated that there is a hierarchy in the church, instituted 

 . by divine ordination, and consisting of bishops and presbyters and other 

 ministers ; that bishops ore superior to presbyters, and hare the power 

 of ordaining and confirming, which is not given to the others ; that the 

 only legitimate bishops are those ordained by the pope or by other 

 ecclesiastical and canonical authority. 



The council next laid down the doctrine of the Catholic Church con- 

 cerning marriage, which it reckons as one of the sacraments. Among 

 other articles on this subject, it condemns polygamy as contrary to 

 divine law ; it forbids persons in holy orders contracting marriage ; and 

 it states marriage to be indissoluble, even after the adultery of one or 

 both of the parties. 



On the important question of clandestine marriages, that is to say, 

 marriages contracted before witnesses without the intervention of 

 the parish priest, the council decreed that in future no marriage 

 should be considered valid which was not contracted before the parish 

 incumbent or before another clergyman duly deputed by the incum- 

 bent, or by the ordinary, and in presence of at least two witnesses 

 besides, and that their names, as well as the names of the married 

 parties, and the date of the celebration of the marriage, should be 

 entered into a register to be kept by every parish incumbent. The 

 council explained also what were the cases of relationship and other 

 canonical Impediments to the contracting of marriages ; and although 

 it did not (.'"lull inn altogether the practice of dispensations being 

 granted by the pupe in particular instances, it recommended that such 

 dispensations should be granted rarely, gratuitously, and on proper and 

 sufficient grounds. 



Hitherto the secular princes hod insisted upon reforms of the church 

 and clergy ; now the pope and court of Home urged the council to 

 make reforms affecting the princes and their courts. According to 

 instructions received from Cardinal Borromeo, the pope's minister at 

 Home, the legates laid before the assembly several motions, chiefly in 

 support of the ecclesiastical immunities. The following were among 

 the principal beads : That churchmen should not be summoned before 

 the lay courts. That the lay courts and magistrates should not inter- 

 fere in cases of matrimony, heresy, tithes, patronage, patrimonial IHJIH-- 

 teat, ecclesiastical fiefs, the temporal jurisdiction of churchc- 

 any cause, civil, criminal, or mixed, pertaining to the ecclesiastical 

 courts. That churchmen should not bo liable to pay taxes, tenth*, 

 forage, or subsidies of any sort, either on the pn>i-rty of the chun-h or 

 on tieir own patrimonial pro|>erty. That the property of the church, 

 moreable and immoveable, of every sort, tithes and other right - 

 be held as sacred from the hands of the lay powers. That all letters, 

 citations, sentences, and excommunications, from the ecclesiastical 

 court*, or from Home, should be promulgated on. : without 



requiring any exequatur or permission from the civil power. That 



cn-r tu.r king, nor any other prince, nhnuld inter!'' 

 the said court* or with the triliun.il of the Inquisition, but should, 

 when required, give them the assistance of the secular ami. 



The above demands put forth l>y the legates raised a storm on i h. 

 head of the council. The Emperor Ferdinand and Charles IX. of 

 France protested against any such proceedings, and the pope " 

 hi* legates to withdraw the obnoxious motions, and to 



selves with a general admonition to all Christian princes, which v. m 

 adopted by the council, exhorting them to respect and cause to be 



respected the right* and immunities of the church, and the constitu- 

 tions of the popes and councils in favour of ecclesiastical pen-mis ami 

 ecclesiastical liberties. But the obnoxious principles started by the 

 legates of Pius IV. were revived by hU successor Pius V., an 

 mulgated by him in the famous bull*" In I'.nm Domini." 



The council now drew to its conclusion. A number of canons eon- 

 coming doctrine as well as discipline were passed ; other minor 

 were referred to the decision of the pope. The doctrine of purgatory 

 ami indulgences, and of the benefit derived to the departed souls from 

 the prayers of the living, were confirmed. Thn invocation of the saint* 

 who intercede with God on behalf of men, and the vent-rat, 

 relics, were likewise adopted. The images of Christ and the saints 

 were to be retained and venerated in the churches for the sake of 

 those whom they represent, at the same time that no i 

 ornament or other sensual enticement was to be mixed with the 

 devotional practices. Severe penalties were decreed against church- 

 men having concubines, against simony, against pluralista of living* 

 with cure of souls, and against duellists. Several regulations were 

 made for the proper examination and selection of candidates to vacant 

 sees, or to livings with cure of souls. The bishops were en ion 

 make a visitation of their dioceses once every year with a mode-' 

 and retinue, and they, as well as the parish incumbent, to preach every 

 Sunday and other solemn festivals. No one was to be appointed to a 

 benefice with cure of souls under twenty-five years of age. Cii 

 charges against a bishop to be judged by the Human pontiff. I'r.i- 

 viucial synods to meet once every three years, and diocesan synods 

 every year. 



These and other canons being passed, in the beginning of December, 

 1563, it was agreed that the council should be closed. The acts of the 

 council were then authenticated by the notaries, ami by the secretary 

 of the council, and signed by the fathers to the number of 255, namely, 

 4 legates and 2 other cardinals, 8 patriarchs, -jr. archbishop' 

 bishops, present; 39 proxies, 7 abbots and 7 generals of in 

 orders. The acceptation of the ambassadors was then request, 

 given, except the ambassador of Philip of Spain, who by order of his 

 king opposed the closing of the council, and the ambassadors of 1 

 who had left Trent in dudgeon. 



Pope Pius IV., in solemn consistory, on the 2(ith of January, 1564, 

 confirmed the acts of the council by a bull countersigned by the car- 

 dinals. All the Roman Catholic states accepted the council, and pro- 

 mulgated it in their states, with the exception of France, whi> 

 sisted in those assertions of jurisdictional independence of its church 

 and king, which were afterwards embodied in a regular form by the 

 assembled French clergy in 1682. 



Two distinguished Koman Catholic writers have written professedly 

 the history of the council of Trent, its proceedings and acts : one, the 

 famous Fra Paolo Sarpi, displays at times a feeling hostile to the court 

 of Home; the other, Cardinal Sfor/a 1'alhvicino, on the contrary, 

 writes in a tone of perfect submission to the Roman see. By com- 

 paring the two works, readers are enabled to come to something like 

 a fair understanding of the labours and the merits of that memorable 

 assembly. 



THKPAN". [TRF.rniNK.] 



TREPHINE is a kind of saw employed in surgery for the n 

 of a circular portion of bone. For this purpose it Is used in . 

 cases, such as diseases requiring perforation of the antruni. nn iv-is with 

 loose enclosed sequestra, abscesses in li-u< or under Kme-. Ac . ; l<ut 

 ly in injuries of the head and their various consequences, for 

 which the removal of a portion of the skull is deemed necessary. 



The trephine is now commonly employed in this country instead of 

 a somewhat similar instrument, the trepan, which was former!.. 

 by all [surgeons, and is still frequently used on the (Vlitinent. The 

 trepan is very like the tool called a wimble, which is used by coopers 

 for boring holes for large corks, and is worked in the same way. with 

 a curved rotating lever under the handle; but instead of the xhare-liku 

 cutting edge of the wimble, the trepan has a circular saw, which. 

 rotated with the lever, cuts its way through the bone. 



'lip- trephine is a smaller and more simple, but, in other respects, 

 not more convenient instrument. Its handle is like that of a gimlet, 

 but stronger. The shaft is terminated below by a sharp steel ; 

 called the centre-pin, which may be fixed and removed at ph-.-wu- 

 which stands in the centre of the circle formed t-y the saw. The 

 purpose of the centre pin, which project* a little below the edge of tin- 

 saw, is to fix the trephine before the working of the saw : and it is 

 kept in its place till the saw has cut a groove sufficiently deep to 

 steady it in its further working. After this the ecu M I.e. 



removed, for it hinders the action of the saw, and (in trephining the 

 hkull) would perforate the ilm fore the saw had 



the bone. Around the handle of the trephine, at a short il 

 above the part to which the centre pin i !> 



hollow steel cylinder, the lower margin of which is a saw. Thin is 

 called the crown of the trephine, and, for various purposes is of iliii'c- 

 rent sizes. 



In using the trephine, the saw is mode to cut through the bone, not 

 by a series -'i rotations, such as are made I n, but 



l-y rapid half-rota t <dy to the right ami to the left, as in 



boring with an awl. In trephining the skull various cautions an; 

 necessary, according to the form of the bone to be cut through, ami 



