THIBUNU8. 



TKIKOIUUM. 



and thu thwart the plans of th rest. In such a cut 

 could be don*, and the matter wu dropped. C. Tiberius 

 Oracchiu wa* UK first who pointed out the manner in which the 

 eollrge might get rid of an obstinate member : he propoeed t th. 

 people to deprive mch a tribune uf his office an expedient which was 

 afterward* occasionally made use of. The name power, however, which 

 a tribune bad over the resolutions of hii colleagues he alao had upon 

 the proceedings of a magistrate, whether a consul, a censor, or a 

 pnctor, and even over an ordinance of the senate. The right of the 

 tribunee of merely appearing in the senate was gradually increased by 

 the power of convoking the senate, and laying before it any measure 

 relating to government or administration ; and the senate had often 

 recourse to the tribunes fur the purpose of compelling m&giiitnitee to 

 comply with lit wishes. . (Liv., iv. 20 ; v. ; xxviii. 45.) At last it 

 was established by the Plebiscitum Atinium that a tribune should be 



member of the senate by virtue of his office. The time when this 

 plebiscitum was passed is uncertain, though it in not improbable that 

 it originated with C. Atiniua, who was tribune in B.C. 180. 



There was no power in the Roman republic that could be compared 

 to that of the tribunes, and during the latter periad of the republic 

 they formed a real demuoratical senate. But whatever may have been 

 the abuse that some tribunes made of their exorbitant power, and 

 however much evil they may have produced, yet it is a point acknow- 

 ledged on all hands that Rome owed her greatness, in no email degree, 

 to the institution of the tribunate. 



Sulla, in his attempt to remodel the constitution upon aristocratic 

 principles, reduced the powers of the tribunee to what they had been 

 originally. But this innovation, like all hU constitutional changes, was 

 a complete failure, and the full power of the tribunes was restored to 

 them by Pompey. [SI'I.LA, and POMFEY, in Bioo. Div.] 



During the empire the college of tribunes of the people continued 

 to exist ; and in the reign of Augustus comitia for the election of 

 tribunes were still held, although the freedom of election gradually 

 disappeared. (Bueton., 'Aug.,' 40 j Vellei. Pat., ii. 111.) The political 

 influence of the tribunes also sank rapidly, and even at an early period 

 of the empire we find it almost confined to intercession in decrees of 

 the senate and to protecting oppressed or injured individuals. (Tacit., 



Annal., 1 xvi. 26 ; ' Historjii. Si ; iv. 9 ; Plin., ' Epist,,' i. 23 ; ix. 18.) 

 Tribunes, however, continued to exist down to the 5th century of our 

 era ; and though their power was much limited, they still continued to 

 be looked upon as the protectors of the weak and the injured, which 

 made their office one of great moral importance. For this reason, as 

 well as for the purpose of having a check upon the college, the 

 emperors, although patricians, found it necessary to be tribunes. In 

 fact, the office of tribune, all the other magistracies being united in 

 one person, was the only thing that was wanting to complete the 

 sovereign power of an emperor. This tribunicia potestoa of an emperor 

 was conferred upon him by the senate, and was justly deemed equiva- 

 lent to regal or dictatorial power with a popular name, so that the 

 tribunicia potestos became an essential port of the imperial dignity, 

 and was finally established as such by the Lex de Imperio Vespaaiaui. 

 (Suet, ' Tiber.,' 23 ; ' Vespaa.,' 12 ; Titus,' 6.) 



5. TViOMM Miliium cum t'uiuii/an' Potutote. In the year B.C. 448 

 the tribune C. Canuleius carried several rogations, one of which was, 

 that the people should be at liberty to elect the consuls from the 

 patricians and plebeians indiscriminately. In order to avoid the con- 

 sequences of this law, the senate decreed that instead of consuls, 

 tribuni militum with consular power should be elected promiscuously 

 from both orders ; and in order that the plebeians might not gain too 

 much at once, the censorial power, which had hitherto been a part of 

 the consular power, was separated from it and given to two new 

 patrician officers, the censors. Accordingly in the year 444 B.C. three 

 tribunes were elected instead of consuls, one of them being a plebeian. 

 The people however were allowed for the following years to elect either 

 tribunes or consuls, as they might think proper. The consequence 

 wan, that for a series of yean sometimes consuls were elected ao 

 to the old custom, and sometimes tribunes. From the year i< 

 the number of tribunes varied between Chree and four, until in n.r. 

 405 it was increased to six, which remained unaltered down to the 

 year B.C. 866, when the office of the military trilmnes with consular 

 power wu abolished, and the consulship restored. These consular 

 tribunes, as they are briefly called, had the same power as the connulx, 

 with the exception of that part of it which hail been detached from it 

 and given to the censors. For this and other reasons the pi 

 did not so much object to it* being shared with the plebeians, as they 

 did in regard to t the consulship, which wax sanctified l.y solemn 

 auspice*. 



J'uni Milliard, or Mititnm, or tribunes of the soldiers, were a 

 ~H*1 of officers in the Roman armies, of whom at first there were four 

 in a legion. They appear originally to have been appointed by the 

 con/nils, but in the year B.C. 303 it was decreed that henceforth half of 

 tliriii Khould be elected liy the iH.-nplc in the comitia of the centuries, 

 while the appointment of the other half was left to the commanders of 

 the legions as before (Lav. vii. /i) ; and as there were nix in a consular 

 army, three were elected by the people and three by the consul. Tlio 

 latter were, down to the latest time of the republic, called ru/uli, and 

 the former comiliati. (Kestus, *. v. 'Ruffuli.') In later time* the 

 number of tribunes for each legion was increased to six, and their 



appointment was sometimes left altogether to the consuls. But this 

 seems to have been an exception to the rule, for subsequent to that 

 time we again fiud that the people had the election of a part of the 

 tribune*. (Liv., xliii. 14 and 31 ; xliv. 21.) The functions of these 

 tribunes of the soldiers consisted in maintaining the discipline among 

 the troops, superintending their exercises and their state of health, in 

 inspecting the sentinels, settling disputes among the soldiers, in 

 taking core that they received their necessary provisions, and the like. 



TKICHI'ASIS (rpixlaais), is a disease in which one or more of the 

 eyelashes are turned inwards, so as to be in contact with the front of 

 the eyeball. The irritation thus excited produces all the pain and 

 other symptoms of inflammation of the conjunctiva, and if long con- 

 tinued may terminate in opacity of the cornea and complete blindness. 



The wrong direction of the eyelashes may depend on various causes. 

 Sometimes it appears to be their natural mode of growth ; one or more 

 growing differently from the rait, and being reproduced with the same 

 faults as often as they are extirpated. More frequently it is due to 

 some disease of the eyelid, producing a cicatrix or induration of its 

 inner surface, which, contracting, draws in the margin of the lid, and 

 with it the lashes. By a similar process, trichiasis is the constant 

 accompaniment of the cases of entropium, or inversion of the eyelids, 

 which depend on induration or contraction of their cartilages. 



A temporary remedy for trichiasis is the extraction of the offending 

 eyelashes, which may be effected by plucking them with 1 . 

 forceps ; but they are generally quickly reproduced, and, growing in 

 the same direction, renew the patient's suffering. For a penn 

 remedy, some of the operations for entropiuin must be performed, or 

 the portion of the inner margin of the e\ eii.l from which the in\ 

 lashes grow must be removed with their bulbs. 



TKIOHLOBACKTIC ACID. [CHLORACETIO ACID.] 



TBIOHLORALDBHTDE. [CHLORAL.] 



THICHLOH-EUXAXTHONK. [Ki'XANTHio Aero.] 



THIGH LOHOK1 N(>NK. (Kixic ACID.] 



TRIOHLOBOMETHYL-DITHIONIC ACID (C,C1 3 HS 0. + 2aq.). 

 TricUorometkyl-SulpkurouiAcitl. An unimportant organic n 

 by treating trichloromethyl-Bulphurous chloride with potash or baryta. 

 This acid has also been named r/tlorocarto-l>itpoiuli>liuric aciil. 



TRICHLOROMKTHYL-SULPHUROUS ACID. ^[TiiicnLono- 



METIIYL-DmilONIC AflD.] 



TKICHLORONAPHTHALIC ACID. [NAPHTHALIO Cnorr, 

 Tnchlarophthalic A< ,''. 



TRICHLOROPHENIC ACID. [PHE.VYLIO GROUP.] 



TlUCHLOHOVALKItlsIC ACID. [VAI.BRIANIC ACID.] 



TRIDENT (trident, rplaaxt) is any instrument of the form of a fork, 

 with three prongs ; instruments of this kind were used by the ancients, 

 as among ourselves, for various purposes. In mythology the trident is 

 the attribute of several marine divinities, such as Nervus (Virg., ' . ! 'n..' 

 ii. 418) and the Tritons (Cicero, ' De Nat. Deor.,' ii. 35), but al>. 

 of POSEIDON. The trident in these cases is the same aa the i- 

 with other gods, the emblem of the power of these gods of the waters. 

 The ancients regarded earthquakes as arising from the sea, or, as they 

 expressed it, as the work of Poseidon, who effected them by his mighty 

 trident, whence Homer frequently calls him the " shaker of the i 

 and whenever the god is represented as producing any convulsion of 

 the earth or the sea, the trident is always mentioned. (Horn.. ' Odyss.,' 

 iv. 606; Claudian, 'De Rapt. Pros.,' ii. 179.) 



TRIETHYLAMINE. [ORGANIC BASES.] 



TRIETHYLPHOSPHIHB. [ORGANIC BASES.] 



TIUFU'HIL'M, an upper gallery formed by small open arches above 

 those dividing the nave from the side-aisles of a church, and I . 

 the clerestory windows, this intermediate tier being within the si 

 roof over the aisles. These galleries arc, in thin country, sometimes 

 called "Nunneries," but in Germany " Miinnerehor." They are not 

 confined to the nave, but continued in the transepts, so as to afford a 

 passage almost entirely round the upper part of the building. In 

 general the triforium is very shallow or narrow, and the arches in front 

 of it are small and low; and of these last, there are two, thii . > even 

 six, orer each of the larger arches separating the nave from tl>< 



i- very great differences in these respects oven in 

 buildings of the same period and style. In some instances ti. 



foriimi is very lofty and open, as iii the Abbaye aux Hommes, 

 and in the choir of Bayeux Cathedral, although t In : samu 



edifice offers an example directly the reverse, the triforium con 

 there of a range of very low and small archi - .story 



windows are remarkably large and lofty, much larger in foot than tho 

 pier-arches between the nave and aisles. In the Norman n . 

 some of our cathedrals the tri lies are as wide and nearly as 



high as those of the aisles ; and tin trit'orimn itself is so spacious as 

 to form an upper aisle, lighted, like the lower one, with windows. 

 t this kind, as is likewise Peterborough, except 



that in the hi ter the large triforium arches corresponding with thoso 

 below are subdivided into two lesser ones with a column b< i 

 them. At Gloucester, on the contrary (also Norman), th 

 arches are low and small, being divided at first into two, each of which 

 is again similarly subdivided, so os to make four openings over each of 

 the large arches below. In the nave of Wells Cathedral the triforium 

 consists of an uninterrupted range of small arches of peculiar character, 

 in which the openings are very narrow in proportion to the solid parts 



