T1UMRTHYLAJIINE. 



TlilNITY HOUSE. 



971 



not n ; the only view of algebra in which there U nothing impouiUe 

 it [ALGEBRA] essentially joined to space, and particularly to angular 

 magnitude ; so that those who would hare a perfectly pure algebra 

 mutt buy it at the expense of unexplained and apparently oontr 

 symbol*. 



It would be ea7 to avoid the notion of cpace while lining the term* 

 of trigonometry and it* powerful formula). The aerie* at the beginning 

 uf thi* article might be made the definition! of the sine and cosine ; or 



tin x might be only an abbreviation of * -^ x* + to., and com- of 

 1 - 1 * + to. The fundamental properties of the line and cosine 



mi-.-lit without much difficulty be iproved to belong to these seriea, 

 without reference to any geometrical reasoning. 

 TKIMKT1I Y I. AM I N I'.. [ i Hi., ASIC BARES.] 



TKIMKTHYLl'llosPHlNK. [ORGANIC UASES. Organic photpho- 

 row liatrt.} 



TltlNITIi. \NISOL (C,,H.[N0 4 ].,0,). A laitro-derivative of the 

 phenate of methyl. [Axi--oi.. ] 



TK1MTHOCKKS1C ACID. (0 M HJNOJ.OA An organic acid 

 prepared by adding crexylic alcohol, drop by drop, to strong nitric 

 acid. IU potash salt crystallises in orange needles. 

 TKINITKi 'NAPHTHA I. IX. [NAPHTHALIC GROCP.] 

 TRINITBOPHBNIO ACID. [PHENYLIC GROUP; CAHBAZOTIC 

 ACID.] 



TRINITY HOUSE. As the general management of the light- 

 houses and buoys of the shores and rivers of England in entrusted to 

 the Corporation of the Elder Brethren of the Holy and Undivided 

 Trinity, generally known by the name of the Trinity House, it has 

 been considered advisable to treat under the same head the special 

 history of that corporation and the general discussion of the duties 

 entrusted to their charge, as well as the discussion of the means usually 

 adopted for lighting and buoying sea coasts in general 



The objects it is desired to effect by those operations are, to indicate 

 to mariners the precise position of sunken rocks, shoals, or sand-banks 

 which may occur in the fair way of the navigation, and to mark the 

 entrances of ports and harbours ; and these objects must be etlr 

 such a manner as that the more important indications should lie v.-il '!< 

 by night as well as by day. Moreover, it is desired to indicate the 

 navigable channel in passes or on shores during the daytime, when 

 accumulations of alluvial matters, or sand-banks thrown up by tidal 

 currents, or when bars at the mouths of rivers, render the navi- 

 gation difficult or dangerous. The indications of the first class are 

 iiKiially given by light-houses, or by floating lights, visible from great 

 distances; the indications of the second class are given by floating 

 buoys, beacons, poles, or guides fixed in the beds of the channels. In 

 all civilised countries the establishment of these indications is con- 

 sidered to be one of the most essential functions of the public 

 authority; and the safety of commerce depends so greatly upon tlieir 

 perfection, that it U generally thought to be desirable to place them 

 beyond the chances of irregularity attending private operations. Thus 

 in England the Trinity House is charged with the performance of the 

 niionttiijr works for lighting and buoying the coast ; in Scotland the 

 CommiMkmen of the Northern Lights are so charged ; and in Ireland 

 the Ballast Board of Dublin has the control of the light* and buoys : 

 all three being under the general superintendence of the Board of 

 Trade. On the Continent, this branch of the public service forms part 

 of the attributions of the minister of public works, and is usually 

 centralised in his hands, in a far more distinct manner than it is in 

 England. 



The Trinity House appears to have been originally established in 

 the reign of Henry VII., as an " association for piloting ships ; " but it 

 was only in 1680 that the Elder Brethren erected their first light- 

 house, after several structures of that description had been built by 

 private individuals under patents from the crown. The very irregular 

 and un*atisfactory manner, and the very heavy charges entailed upon 

 the commercial marine of England, by the unsystematic mann- r uf 

 lighting the coasts thus introduced, gave rise to so strong a spirit of 

 opposition to iU continuance, when the navigation of Europe had 

 begun to revive after the peace of 181S, that numerous parliamentary 

 inquiries have recently been made into the duties and functions of the 

 Trinity House, and change* have been introduced in them from time 

 to time. Thus the acts 8 CJeo. IV. c. 8, 6 ft 7 Will. IV. c. 79, 

 17 & 18 Viet. c. 104, have gradually led to the extinction of the 

 private rights in light dues, and to the vesting of the whole of the 

 duties of lighting and buoying the coast* in the authorities before 

 described. The Trinity House in the meanwhile has maintained it 

 original composition in all substantial matters ; and it discharge*; at 

 the present day the duties of superintending the pilotage of the 

 English port*, concurrently with those of superintending the limiting 

 and" buoy ing, a* well a* of distributing the funds arising from certain 

 light and pilotage dues, ami from the sale of ballast (for whirl, they 

 have an exclusive patent in the port of London, with the exception of 

 the Charlton pit*), to certain charitable purpose* specified in their 

 original charter. The Trinity House consist* of a master, a deputy 

 master, nineteen acting elder brethren, eleven honorary , M. i I 

 ami an unlimited number of younger brethren ; in May, 1859, they 



I 178. The matter and the honorary elder brethren have 

 1 operations of the House, and they are 



elected, solely on account uf the eminence of their social positions, 

 from the minuter* of the crown or from amongst the higher aristocracy. 

 The deputy master and tho acting elder brethren are in fact self -elected 

 from a list of the properly qualified younger brethren ; and the quali- 

 fication* for this purpose are, that the candidate* shall have attained 

 the rank of commander in her majesty's navy for at least four yean 

 previously, or shall have served a* master in the merchant service, on 

 foreign voyage*, for at least four yean. The younger brethren are 

 ohoaen from memben of the royal navy, or from the commercial 

 marine, and are admitted at the pleasure of the court of elder brethren 

 upon the proposition of nnv one of those elder brother*. |- 

 perhaps be as well to add, that subsequently to 1854 the Trinity 

 House ha* abandoned itfi <-l .iim to the surplus of the light dues, which 

 it had previously applied to charitable pur|x>ses. The act of 

 ment by means of which this expropriation of funds wan 

 conferred upon the Trinity House general powen of MI]" 

 the proceedings of the Commissioners of Northern Lights, ami 

 Irish Ballast Board, subject to the appellate jurisdiction of the Board 

 of Trade. 



The Board of the Trinity House discharges its duties by means of 

 committees, and sub-committees for special purposes, whose proceed- 

 ings, when necessary, are subject to confirmation by the general court. 

 These committee* are 1, the Treasury; '2, the Supervisor* of the 

 Ballast Department ; 3, the Pilotage; 4, the 1 



mittee; 5, the Lighthouse Committee; 6, the Pensioners; and 7, the 

 House Affaire Committees. With the exception of the supervisors of 

 the Ballasting Department, two in number, all tlie>o committee* 

 consist of four members ; and tho sub-committees named for 

 services may consist of any number of members at the option 

 court, usually varying from two to four. The apj>ointmenta are made 

 annually, and the wardens are also elected annually, t . 

 every year ; the master and the deputy master are usually > 

 during their lives, though they pass pro forma an annual el< 

 The deputy master is tx oficio chairman of all the committees. In 

 scientific and technical matters the court is assisted !>;. 

 and an optician, those posts at the present day b, in.- 

 Mr. .1. Walker and Dr. Faraday. The members of tin- Trinity 

 divide among themselves the annual sum of 7000/, and they employ 

 a staff of clerks, messengers, &c,, at their central office at an annual 

 expense of about 60002. ; the salaries of the engineer and of the scientific 

 advisor amount to 1700&; so that the total cost of the contra! admi- 

 tion of the Trinity House ia about 1 4,800?. per annum, for salaries, and for 

 all miscellaneous expenses connected with the central board: it . 

 1857, about 17,'2S5/. The gross income for the year 1857 was 268.646?. 

 nearly, and the gross expenditure 204,013t ; for the year IMS the 

 gross income was 257,21 4/., and the gross expenditure w:> 

 the surplus revenue is principally devoted to the extinction of tin- debt 

 incurred, in pursuance of the act of 1846, for the purchase of the private 

 interests in lighthouse*. 



The Commissioners for the Northern Lights were incorporated by 

 act 38 Ueo. III. c. 58, and they consist of 28 members, amongst whom 

 are the lord advocate, the solicitor-general, the lords provost* and the 

 elder bailies of the cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow, the provost* of 

 Aberdeen, Inverness, Campbeltown, him. I, i-. and Ureenock, ami the 

 sheriffs of the maritime counties of Scotland. The business of the 

 commission is transacted in general meetings and in 



_;!; four of the former being h-ld in the year, and of tin- 

 there is usually one in every fortnight. The services of the membeM 

 are gratuitous ; in all technical and scientific matters they act under 

 the advice of their engineers ; and they have been fortunate enough to 

 have secured for many years the services of the Messrs, 

 who have done more to advance the science of lighthouse-building than 

 any men since the days of Smcaton. The gross income of the com- 

 missioners for the years 1857 and 1858 was respectively 3i 1,581 /. and 

 26,865A ; whilst the gross expenditure was also reaped i\ 

 and 59,747'., all in round numbers: from whence the deficiency was 

 Mipplied does not distinctly appear in tho published documents. 



The ISollast Board of Dublin consist* of -, who are 



connected with the commerce of the country, but not necessarily, el- 

 even habitually, acquainted with the practical detail* of Mftmanahlp. 

 The lord mayor of Dublin and the high ch, rill' <>i the city are annual 

 i members of the board. They manage their business by means of 

 committees, thus arranged : 1, Library; 2, Lightship ; 3, Inspection ; 

 4, Accounts ; 5, Lifeboat; C, Harbour I!ye-I,awn; 7, Graving- Dock; 

 8, East Quay Wall Tax; 9, Pilotage Committee*; :m<l. \\ I , 

 necessary, sub-committees for special purposes are appointed. The 

 services of the members of the board are given gratuitously ; the gross 

 incomes for the yean 1857 and 1858 being respective ly 



and tin- gross expenditure for tho same yean 68,7ti> 

 46,658/. It does not appear otlicially from whence the detiei. 

 supplied ; but then can be little reason to doubt but that the i 

 required for this purpose, a* in the case of the detiei, 

 Commissioners of the Northern Lights, is obtained from the Mer 

 Marine Fund. 



In addition to the lights and buoys maintained by tho above enume- 

 rated public authorities, there are many others of perhaps a 



