351 



TRIUMVIRI. 



TROCHOIDAL CURVES. 



3S2 



concluded the solemnity, which was generally brought to a close in one 

 day, though in later times we meet with instances in which it lasted 

 for three days. (Liv. xxxix. 52.) 



During the time of the empire, the emperor himself, being the 

 chief general of all the armies, was the only person that could claim a 

 triumph, and it was rarely if ever granted to any one else but a member 

 of the imperial family. Other generals received other compensations. 

 All the triumphs that had been celebrated at Borne were carefully 

 recorded in the Fasti triumphales, and their total number, from the 

 earliest times down to the last, that of Belisarius over the Vandals, has 

 been calculated to amount to 350. 



A lesser kind of triumph was called ovalio, perhaps from " ovis," a 

 sheep, which the general offered to Jupiter, instead of a bull. It was 

 granted after victories which were not of sufficient importance to 

 deserve- the solemn triumph. The principal difference between the 

 two was that in an ovation the general entered the city on foot, and in 

 later times on horseback ; he wore only the toga prietexta, and his 

 brow was adorned with a wreath of myrtle. He carried no sceptre, 

 and was frequently not accompanied by his army. 



(0. Panvinius, De Triumpho, in Graevius, Thesaurus Anliq. Jlom., 

 vol. ix.) 



TUIU'MVIHI, or TRE'SVIRI, that is, "three men." A great 

 number of offices at Rome, both ordinary and extraordinary (com- 

 missions) were held by three persons in conjunction, who thus formed 

 a board which was intrusted with the management or administration 

 of certain things. The office itself was called triumvirate (triumvi- 

 ratus). Extraordinary triumviri were appointed on various occasions 

 and emergencies ; for example, when a new colony was to be founded, 

 the whole management of the business, together with the distribution 

 of lands -among the colonists, was usually intrusted to triumviri, whose 

 full title was " triumviri colonise deducendae," or " agro dividundo." 



The triumvirate which has acquired the greatest celebrity in the 

 history of Rome is that which was established towards the end of the 

 republic by Uctavianus, Antonius, and Lepidus. After the republic 

 bad been for years distracted by a series of civil wars, the three men 

 mentioned above met near Mutina, in B.C. 43, and assumed, under the 

 title of " triumviri reipublicic constituendic," the supreme power for 

 live years, under the pretext of settling the affairs of the state. Their 

 power and its duration was sanctioned by a senatus consultum. They 

 BO distributed the administration of the state among themselves, that 

 Antoiiiiix received the greater part of Qaul; Lepidus, Spain and a 

 email portion of Gaul ; and Octavianus, Africa, together with the 

 islands of Sicily and Sardinia. Lepidus was to govern Rome and Italy, 

 while he exercised his power in Spain by proxy. His two colleagues 

 endeavoured to get rid of the republican party by proscriptions, in 

 which 200U equites and 300 senators are said to have been put to 

 death. Whole towns were robbed of their property, and their lauds 

 distributed among the veteran soldiers of the triumvirs, and hosts of 

 people flocked around the standards of Brutus and other republican 

 I, to escape an ignominious death. Consuls were elected during 

 this period as before, but they were either the creatures and friends of 

 the triumvirs, or one of the triumvirs himself held the consulship. In 

 B.C. 38 the time of their office expired, and it was renewed for five 

 yean more without any opposition. About the end of this second term 

 the secret enmity among tlic triumvirs burst out into open hostilities ; 

 a new civil war began, which ended in the destruction of republican 

 freedom. The triumvirate of Octavianus, Antonius, and Lepidus is 

 usually called the secoml triumvirate. The first triumvirate, if we 

 may call it so, was merely a private coalition, or, as it is called in 

 Livy's ' Epitome ' (1 n:t), a conspiracy entered into by Ctcsar, Pompeiua, 

 and Crasaus, in B.C. 60 : the title triumviri was perhaps never borne 

 by tliem ; it was certainly not recognised either by the senate or the 

 people. 



The triumviri who were regular magistrates belonged to the minor 

 magistrates. Among them we shall mention, 1, the triumviri Capitales, 

 who were instituted about the year B.C. 292,and were in many respects 

 the successors of the quicstorea parricidii. They inquired into capital 

 offences, apprehended criminals and committed them to prison, where- 

 over they discovered them, and also carried into effect the sentence 

 pawed upon them. 2, The triumviri Monetales, or the inspectors of 

 tin: mint. 3, The triumviri Nocturni, whose duty it was to super- 

 intend the watchmen in the city at night, and to prevent or put out 

 I'ity. 



TROCHAIC VERSE, a kind of verae used by the Greek and Latin 

 poets, especially by the tragedians and comedians. The foot from 

 which it takes its name and of which it principally consists is the 

 trochee ( *"), which is combined, like the iambus and anapccst, into 

 ntftrei of two feet each. The most common form of the Trochaic verse 

 is that which is composed of a perfect dimeter followed by a dimeter 

 wanting the last half-foot. This form of verse is the ' Trochaic Tetra- 

 meter Catalectio' of the Greeks, which was also called by the I' 

 i)uailratii, from its containing four metres, and ttiitnariun, from its 

 containing [ seven complete feet. The following is an example in 

 h : 



Alexander bitted tbfnVlng, 



DrAnk around the council board, 

 Ho tubd&ed the world by drinking, 



Mure than by his conquering sword. 



In the Greek tragedians the following are admitted as variations on 

 the pure Trochaic verse : 



1. The syllable at the end of the line may be short, since ita time is 

 filled up to that of a long syllable by the slight pause which occurs 

 in that place. 



2. The trochee may be resolved into a tribrach (^ <** ^) in any 

 place ; but the final long syllable may not be resolved into two short 

 ones. 



3. A spondee ( ) maybe substituted for the trochee in the 



second place of each metre, that is, the even places of the verse (2nd, 

 4th, and 6th). 



4. The spondee may bo resolved into an anaprcst ("-< *- ). But 



5. If there is a tribrach in the seventh place, neither a spondee nor 

 an anapcest is allowed in the sixth. 



6. A dactyl ( ^^) is allowed, but only in a proper name, in any 

 place. 



The following table represents the different forms of the verse : 



The first dimeter ought to end at the end of a word. Often als" 

 each metre, and sometimes each foot, ends at the end of a word. If 

 the first metre ends with a word after which there is a slight pause or 

 break in the sense, then the second foot of the first metre is a trochee 

 or tribrach, not a spondee or anaptcst. The same restriction applies to 

 the sixth foot when it ends with a word followed by a slight break iu 

 the sense. These niceties of structure are exemplified in the following 

 lines : 



Pluen. 636. 'flj &TIHOS, | otKTpa. irdffxui', tf\avi>op(u \6ov6s. ' 

 646. "EXiT/Sei 5" ofntu o8eu5oi/<r' o?s ire'iroifla | avv fleois. 



The comic tetrameter resembles the tragic in every respect, except 

 that sometimes,' though very rarely, a tribrach in the seventh place is 

 preceded by a spondee in the sixth, and that the niceties of structure 

 just mentioned are not always observed. 



The points of difference between the Greek and Latin trochaic verso 

 are similar to those which exist in the iambic verse, and are explained 

 in the article TEBENTIAN METHES. The chief point to be attended to 

 is, that in Plautus and Terence a spondee which has the accent, or 

 ictus melricus, on the first syllable, is allowed to stand for a trochee in 

 any place except the seventh. The following line is from Terence : 



Numquam cuiquam nostrum ve"rbum f licit n^-que id tegre" tulit. 



The icing metriciu of the trochaic tetrameter, both in tragedy and 

 comedy, is as follows (according to the notation used in the article 

 ARSIS) : 



i\u\i\ii\i\n\i\ii 



that is, the arsis falls on the first syllable of each foot, and of the two 

 arsfs in each metre the second is the stronger. 



The trochaic verse is rapid in its movement, and is generally used 

 where stronger emotions are expressed than in the ordinary iambic 

 trimeter. It is, however, closely connected iu rhythm with the iambic 

 verse. If we prefix to the trochaic tetrameter catalectic an intro- 

 ductory short syllable, we obtain an iambic tetrameter : if from the 

 trochaic tetrameter catalectic we cut off the first foot and a half, we 

 have the iambic trimeter; and it must be observed that these results 

 are not only true with respect to quantity, but that the licences and 

 restrictions of the trochaic verse become, by thus altering the order of 

 Hcansion, the very licences and restrictions of the iambic verse. Thus 

 the tprmdec in the eren places of the trochaic verse, the anapast in the 

 fniirlli and fifth places, the dartijl of a proper name, and the want of a 

 catura between the two dimeters, produce respectively, in the iambic 

 trimeter which wo get by cutting off the beginning of the trochaic 

 tetrameter, the tji' odd places, the dactyl in the/r( and 



third places, the anapirst of proper names, and the pcntticmimcral 

 cccsura. The resemblance of rhythm is also seen by dividing each 

 verse at its chief pause, namely, the end of the first dimeter in the 

 trochaic, and the penthemimeral esura iu the iambic, when it is 

 found that the second portions of the two are identical in every 

 respect; and it is in fact by these concluding portions that the 

 rhythm of a verse is determined. 



Trocb. ** *^ 

 Iamb. ^>f w 



Further particulars respecting the tetrameter catalectic, and an 

 account of other trochaic metres, will be found in Tate's 'Introduction 

 to the principal Greek Tragic and Comic Metres," and Hermann's 

 ' Elementa Doctrinsc Metricte." 



TROCHOIDAL CURVES. Under this term are included all lines 

 produced by the composition of two circular motions, including the 

 straight line, the circle, the ellipse, a class of curves called epitrochoids, 

 of which one particular case is called the epicycloid, and a class called 

 hypotrochoids, of which one particular case is the hypocloid. Among 



