411 



TUBERCULOSIS. 



TUMBUEL. 



411 



and also in the lungs when they are affected with phthisis [PuTHlais] 

 or pulmonarv consumption. 



TUBERCULOSIS. [ScnorcLA.1 



TfHULAR BKAM8. In addition to what has been raid on the 

 abject of the resistance of hollow girders, [under GIRDEHS AMD 

 RESISTANCE], it may be desirable to state that the investigations by 

 Mr. Tail of the experiments made by Mr. Fairbairn have led to the 

 recognition of the following laws upon the subject : 1. The strength 

 varies nearly as the area of the top, or of the bottom flange, multiplied 

 by the depth, divided by the distance between the points of support, 

 and affected by a coefficient determined by experiment 2. When the 

 depth and distance between the points of support are the same, the 

 breaking weights are u the areas of the top, or of the bottom parts. 

 Mr. Tail gives, as the practical formula derived from these laws ; calling 

 w the breaking weight of a rectangular tubular beam ; a, the area of 

 the bottom web ; rf, the depth of the beam ; /, the clear bearing, and 

 e, a coefficient found to be equal to 18 tons; all the dimensions 



being in inches ; then w = f . 3. In hollow cylindrical beams formed 



of thin plates, the breaking weight in tons is equal to the continued 

 product of the sectional area, by the depth, and by a constant (144 tons), 

 divided by the distance between the supports ; and Mr. Tait asserts that 

 square tubular beams poetess 1 J times the strength of cylindrical ones : 

 if this be correct, rectangular cells at the top of a large tubular girder 

 are preferable to circular ones. 4. In hollow elliptical beams the breaking 

 weight in tons is equal to the continued product of the sectional area, 

 the depth and a constant (15 tons) divided by the distance between the 

 supports : all these dimensions being, as before, in inches. The formula 

 becomes of course, with the change in the value of the coefficients, the same 



as above, w= c ; and as it is BO much easier in rectangular beams to 



modify the area of the bottom flange, so as to ensure in it the 

 requisite ratio between it and the top flange, there must evidently be 

 an advantage in their use. 



The tubular girders for beams of wrought iron appear to have been 

 used on a large scale, for the first time, in the bridge over. the turn- 

 pike road at Blackburn, by Mr. William Fairbairn ; since that period, 

 the system has been extended by other engineers in a most extra- 

 ordinary manner, as in the instances of the Britannia and of the Salt- 

 ash bridges ; and at the present day the tubular wrought iron beams 

 are very often substituted for the cast iron girders which were, 

 previously so much used in general construction. In the latter case, 

 the superior lightness of the wrought iron tubular girders, and their 

 greater powers of elasticity, render them preferable to the weightier, 

 and more brittle and uncertain, cast iron ; but the wrought iron tubes 

 do not admit of artistic treating in the same manner that cast iron 

 ones do, and therefore are less fitted for picturesque structures. The 

 works of Messrs. Hodgkinson, Tatc, Clark, Fairbairn, Morin, Love, Ac. 

 must be consulted by the student of this branch of the arts of con- 

 struction ; and in the ' Annales des Fonts ct Chaussees,' and in the 

 ' Journal des Travaux Publique de la Belgique,' may also be found 

 some interesting, practical, and theoretical articles on the subject. 

 The Swiss and American engineers have for many years used species 

 of tubular girders in their timber bridges of large span ; but these 

 were designed upon the ordinary principles of carpentry as applied to 

 ordinary framing, and did not depend for their strength in any 

 important manner upon the cross bracing and roof which converter 

 them virtually into tubular beams. 



TUCA'NUS (the Toucan). A southern constellation of Bayer 

 situated between Phoenix and the south pole, and near to the brigh 

 star in Eridanus. The following are the principal stars in this con 

 Mlation: 



No. In Catalogue 

 Mo. In Catalogns of BritUh 



Character. of Laoaillc. Association. Magnitude.; 



a 9074 7767 8 



1 9420 MM 4 



P 119 127 4 



0* 120 128 4 



TUESDAY. [WEEK.] 



TULIP. Of all the plants wliicli have obtained attention on accouu 

 of the beauty of their flowers, perha]>s tulips have had the most. In 

 estimating the excellence of a particular flower, the florist is not B 

 much guided by its beauty of form and colouring as by its rarity ; ant 

 sorU which have at one time obtained great prices on account of thei 

 rarity have become little thought of when they became more abundaul 

 There are, however, several points considered by florists as essential U 

 the character of a fine tulip. " The stem should be strong, elastic, an 

 erect, and about 80 inches above the surface of the bed. The flowers 

 should be Urge, and composed of six petals (pkylli) : these should |.r. 

 cecd a little horizontally at first, and then turn upwards, formin 

 almost a perfect cup, with a round bottom, rather widest at the to] 

 The three exterior petals should be rather larger than the three int 

 rlor ones, and broader at their base : all the petals should have perfect! 

 entire edges, free from notch or scrrature ; the 'top of each should 1 

 broad and well rounded ; the ground colour of the flower, at the botton 

 of the cup, should be clear white or yellow, and the various ricl 



coloured stripes, which are the principal ornament of a fine tulip, 

 lould be regular, bold, and distinct on the margin, and terminate in 

 ne broken points elegantly feathered or pencilled. The centre of each 

 eaf r petal should contain one or more bold blotches or stripes, inter- 

 mixed with small portions of the original or breeder colour, abruptly 

 iroken into many irregular obtuse points." (' Cyc. of Gard.') For the 

 Botanical character, see TU.IPA in NAT. HIST. Div. 



The varieties of cultivated tulips have been divided by florists in 

 many ways for the sake of convenience. Parkinson, who wrote in 

 629, enumerates 140 varieties, which were divided into prtrcam, early 

 lowers; tertiitae, late blowers ; and tlid,,,r mrdi'"-, doubtful or middle 

 lowers. The first division consisted principally of varieties of TV// u 

 tarcolent ; the latter divisions were chiefly composed of varieties of 

 '. Gtmeriana. Amongst modern florists in Great Britain, the varieties 

 f the latter tulip, of which upwards of 000 are enumerated in n 

 ataloKues, are divided into four families Bizarre*, Byblosmens, Koaes, 

 and Selfs. 



Bisarrt lulipi have a yellow ground marked with purple or scarlet 

 f different shades. JSyblttmtn tulips have a white ground, 

 marked, striped, or variegated with violet or purple only of various 

 shades. Rote lulipi are marked or variegated with roie, scarlet, 

 son, or cherry colour on a white ground. Stiff, ' '''/>*, 



are those which have white or yellow ground without any marks, 

 'he first three of these families are again divided into feathered and 

 lamed, according as the intermingled colours are in narrow stripes or 

 x'ncillings, or in a broad central stripe. 



It is from amongst the last family of tulips, the Selfi, that what are 

 called breeder! are selected. In a state of nature the tulip is mostly a 

 elf, that is, it has but one colour; but un.l.r ivrt.iin circumstances 

 all the other colours that are found in tulips will be developed in these 

 imple-colourcd tulips. It is thus that the last variety of tulips has 

 >een obtained that at present exists ; and as each variety can IK- p 

 jttted by offshoots from the parent bulb, and as the colours of i 

 ill admit of an infinity of modes of blending, there is hardly a limit 

 _j the number of varieties of these flowers which may be obtained. 

 Selfs are always raised from seeds, but the circumstances which are 

 most favourable to the " breaking " of the Selfs, as the development of 

 other colours is called, are not well understood. A florist will have to 

 wait sometimes twenty years without having the pleasure of seeing his 

 Self " break." 



To develope all the beauty of form and colour of which the tulip is 

 susceptible, requires the greatest care in its cultivation, and peri. 

 s only amongst the amateurs of Holland and Belgium that this flower 

 can be seen in all ita glory. Tulips are mostly planted in beds, wlm-h 

 should be made in an open, airy situation. A bed of tulips is j>! 

 in what are technically called roux, consisting uniformly of seven, 

 arranged with regard to the harmony of their colours, the tallest occu- 

 pying the centre, and the bed may be thus of any length, whil- 

 row always consists of seven. The soil should be dug out for about 

 20 inches deep, and the bed filled in with a mixture of about two parts 

 of a fresh, rich, loamy soil, rather of a sandy character, and one part of 

 well-rotted cow-dung. The best time for planting the bulbs is from 

 the end of October to about the 10th of November. Tln-y i-hould be 

 planted about seven inches apart, and about four inches deep, or leas 

 iccording to their size, in the ground. The leaves will appear in Fi-1 - 

 ruary, and the blossoms in April or May. The bed of flowers should 

 be protected by an awning, which must not bo used till the flowers are 

 opened,and should be so constructed that the light and air may be freely 

 admitted during the intervals between the coolness of the nigi 

 the brightness of the sun at noonday. Tulips should never ! arti- 

 ficially watered. When the petals fall off, the seed-vessel should be 

 removed, as its remaining on weakens the bulb. When the top of the 

 stem begins to wither and dry up, and the leaves become brown, the 

 bulbs should be taken up and placed iu a dry situation. In the follow- 

 ing August or September the loose skins and fibres and the easily sepa- 

 rable offsets should be taken off the bulbs, and they should be depo- 

 sited in drawers. In propagating the tulip from seeds, they should be 

 sown in deep boxes, filled with good garden-mould mixed with 

 The young plants will not require water, and they may be expected to 

 blossom by the fourth or fifth year, or at latest the seventh. 



(London. Cyclopedia of Plants; Cycl<jp<edia of Gardening; Macin- 

 tosh's .Boot of Ou Garden; Diction, dti Science* Natnrcllct; Paxtou's 

 Botanical Dictionary; Kedoute", LUiactct ; Hogg, Supp. to Practical 

 Treatiie, &c.) 



TUMUKEL, or TUMBRIL, a machine formerly used for the punish- 

 ment of scolding women, consisting of a stool or chair attached to the 

 end of a long pole, mounted in such a manner that the chair, with the 

 offender placed in it, might be swung over a pond, and immersed as 

 often as might be necessary. Several notices of the use of this appa- 

 ratus, which was.- also called a Inbuchet, a cvdcing-itool, or a <*" 

 tooJ, are given in' Brand's ' Popular Antiquities,' art. ' Cucking-stool.' 

 It appears to have been used as early as the era of the Saxon govern- 

 ment in England, and to have been a common punishment in 

 places at least as late as the time of Gay, who mentions it in his 

 ' Pastorals.' The tumbrel was also used as a punuhnn -nt for 1 i 

 and bakers who transgressed the laws relating to them. r.,i.. m 

 (quoted in Strutfs ' Horda Angcl-cyunan,' vol. ii., p. ) says that, in 

 the 42nd year of Henry HI., bakers Were, for " lack of size,' punished 



