TUMULUS. 



TUNG8TIC ACID. 



4X> 



an aiagant and extraordinary vessels, and the only example* of the 

 kind v*r found in any of the tumuli of Great Britain. A particular 

 account of these object* is given in the ' Archseologia,' vol. xxvii. 



At a place called the New Grange, near Drogheda, Ireland, there 

 was a remarkable tumulus, which was explored in 1770 by Governor 

 Pownall, who wrote an account of the barrow, and of other objects in 

 the vicinity, for the Society of Antiquaries of London, and published 

 the same in vol. ii. of the Archieologia.' He states that the mound 

 consist* mostly of large pebble stones, which must have been conveyed 

 about 12 or Ii mil**; and, by calculation, the whole weighed at least 

 18,t)00 Iba. The height is 70 feet, and the diameter about 400 feet. 

 Surrounding it* base was a series of rude stones, placed in a circular 

 form, on their ends, as indicated (No 14). A gallery formed of upright 

 atones, e e, with others placed on their tops, extended from the outer 

 edge to near the centre of the tumulus, where there was an area 

 surrounded by other stones, and covered by a dme or cupola, . 

 Branching from this area were three square recesses, b, b, b. The 

 accompanying diagrams show a plan and section of the gallery. 



Silbury Hill, near Marlborough, Wiltshire, Is one of the largest 

 barrows in the world. [AvEBUBY, in Geoo. Div.] See the out in the 

 preceding column, No. 13. 



Some very remarkable examples of tumuli, cromlechs, and stone 

 chambers in Jersey, Guernsey, and other of the Channel Mand-. 

 have been explored and described with great acumen by Mr. I.ukia. 

 < Ar< had. Journal,' Ac.) They bear, in many particulars, a curiously 

 close affinity to the Scandinavian barrows, us described by Worsaae and 

 the Koyal Society of Antiquaries, Copenhagen. [CROMLECH.] 



Sir Kichard C. Hoare considers the deposition of the body entire, 

 and it reduction to ashes by fire, to have been practised in England at 

 the wiine time. There are, however, varieties of both. In the most 

 aiK-icnt interments the body is inclosed in a cist, with the legs and 

 thighs drawn up. and the head generally turned towards the north 

 The second is of later date. The body is deposited at full length ; hut 

 th-; head is pi. ced in no particular position, and arms and various 

 nenU i if iron accompany the skeleton : these burials of unburnt 

 bodies in KnglUh barrows bear in all respects a close similarity to those 

 described by Mr. Kemble in North Cermany. In the same manner, 

 two mode* of depositing the remains, after they were burnt, have been 

 i'd In the more ancient, the fragment* of the burnt bones 

 were collected and laid on the floor of the IITOW, or in a cist exca- 

 rated in the native soil. In the second, which is clearly the later, 

 the bone* and ashes were inclosed in a funeral urn. which was placed 

 in a cist, usually with the mouth downward. In these cases portions 

 of the cloth which enveloped the urn have occasionally been dis- 

 covered, as well an small brass pins, by which the cloth was apparently 

 fasten- .1. 



Uf urns, many varieties have been found in exploring the tumuli. 

 The first or largest clan was properly the sepulchral urn, and is always 

 found to contain bones. The second U different both in shape and 

 design : it contained neither ashes, bones, nor trinkets ; and as the 

 custom prevailed of deiMwiting articles of food with the dead, these 

 have received the name of drinking-cnps, from a supposition that they 

 Were intended to hold fluids. Such vessels are frequently found wiiii 

 skeletons and are placed either at their head or feet They are 

 always ornamented with patterns, anil would contain about a quart. 

 Thi-'third lire smaller still, and more fantastic in shape. They are too 

 diminutive ; les for ashes They wero probably 



intended for perfume*, and have somewhat fancifully bewi nnmi-d 

 At on time, there can be little doubt that barrows 

 might liuvu been found throughout the country ; but they ha 

 destroyed as cultivation advanced Yet even now they are traceable 

 over a large part of the hind, and they exist in considerable numbers 

 where the land remains untilled largely, for example, in such widely 

 separated places as Wiltshire, Derbyshire, Kent, and the Channel 

 Islands. 



\V.. may add that the remains found In the British barrows, equally 

 with those of the barrows of other Teutonic races, indicate three distinct 

 stages or eras of society. The first was before the introduction of metals, 

 when arms and implements consisted of spear-heads of flint, and arrow- 

 heads of flint or bone ; the second, when these articles were of bronze; 

 and the latest, when iron instruments, arms, and utensils accompany 

 the deposit. Of the sepulchral urn also there are two varieties, indi- 

 cating different periods of mechanical art. In the first the urn is 

 fashioned by band without ornament*, or with those of the rudest 

 kind, and dried by the heat of the sun. In the second, it was evidently 

 >it. on the lathe, ornamented by the application of ...n, 

 .vith zigzags and other patterns, and iini-hed and baked with 

 different degrees of skill and attention. I'o-il.ly tin- first of these 

 may belong to the earliest known Inhabitants of Britain ; and the 



other* may perhaps b* assigned to the latest Belgic colonists. The 

 later Saxons buried their dead in cemeteries of considerable extent, and 

 without barrows. 

 TUN. [Ton.) 



TUNE, in Music, a short air, or melody, with both or either of 

 which terms it U synonymous. A vocal Tone is a song, or a ballad, in 

 England ; an aritttt, a raudevilU, in France ; a yaany in Germany ; a 

 tawttta, an arittta, in Italy ; a ftyaidilla in Spain ; Ac. In in.-tru- 

 mental music a Tnt is variously denominated, danoe, hornpipe, jig, 

 jiyoe, ffiga ; walte, raltr, vatlvr, femdanyo, Ac., according to the 

 country in which it had its origin or is naturalised. [ AIR ; MELODY.] 

 TUNUSTKX (Wi. Ifo/frummm. This element was discovered by 

 Scheele in 1781, but was not isolated till some few years later. The 

 name indicates " heavy stone," in allusion to the high specific gravity 

 of its Swedish ore. 



The chief, if not the only form in which tungsten occurs in nature, 

 is that of tungstic acid ; sometimes free, but more often uomliined it 

 is usually found in company with tin-stone, and till within the hut few 

 years has been regarded only as a mineralogies! curiosity, lie. 

 however, tungsten baa been combined with iron, and the alloy found 

 to possess the properties of the best steel 



Tungsten may easily be obtained, from tungstic add, by reducing 

 with hydrogen or carbon at a high temperature. The most convenient 

 method U to knead a mixture of tungstio acid and charcoal into a paste 

 with oil, and expose the mass in a carbon crucible to the bent of a 

 blast furnace. It is a steel-gray metal, susceptible of considerable 

 lustre, exceedingly hard and infusible, and of specific gravity 17 -6. It 

 does not readily oxidise in the air, and is not magnetic. It is a good 

 conductor of heat and electricity, and by strong oxidising acids is 

 converted into tungstic acid. 



The equivalent of tungsten is 92. 



Tungsten and oxygen form two definite compounds ; binoxide (WO,) 

 and tcroxidr, or tunyiiit avid (WO,) A dark indigo-blue coloured oxide 

 (W,O,) has also been described, but it is prolmlily a mixture, or pos- 

 sibly a compound of binoxide and teroxide (W,0,= WU t , WO,). 



Binoxide uf tunyilen, or tuugttota oxide (WO,), is a dark copper- 

 coloured, almost black powder, obtained on passing hydrogen over 

 tungstic acid at a low red heat. It bos also been formed in lustrous 

 scales. Binoxide of tungsten has a great tendency to absorb o\ 

 but forms with soda a compound that u not acted upon by any acid, 

 except hydrofluoric 



Tunyttie a id (WO,). The anhydrous acid, or tunyttic anhydride, 

 may be procured by decomposing Wolfram (tungstate of iron mid 

 manganese MnO, WO, + 3FeO, W0 f ), with aqua regia, evapoi 

 to dryness, digesting the residue in ammonia, re-crystallising the 

 tungstate of ammonia, drying, and heating to redness. It is a yellow 

 powder, insoluble in water and acids, but soluble in alkalies, and in 

 alkaline carbonates with effervescence. 



Ifydrated tunyitic acid (HO, WO,) is a yellow precipitate, formed on 

 adding excess of hydrochloric acid to a solution of tungstic anhydride 

 in alkali. 



Ttutyttata. Those of the alkalies are formed in the manner just 

 indicated, and others may be obtained by double decomposition. 

 Tuuyilate of svda (NaO, WO, + 2Aq) possesses the important, probity 

 of rendering fabrics uninflammable. Muslin soaked in a solution of 20 

 parts of this salt with 3 of phosphate of soda in 100 parts of water 

 may readily be ironed and otherwise prepared for wear, and is then 

 only charred when brought into contact with fire ; it does not itself 

 linrn with flame and, therefore, does not propagate its combustion. 

 Tunyt'ale uf fold rivals the carbonate as a pigment A modification of 

 tungstic acid in which two equivalents combine with one of base has 

 been termed metal umjstic acid (HO, W,0,). 



TunytU-n and />/i.</>/<riu form two comjxmnds. The first is a dork 

 gray powder (W,l' ) produced when jiho.-phoroua vapour is passed 

 over the metal. The second (W 4 P) occurs in crystalline groups of 

 lustrous prisms, and is obtained on reducing two equivalents of phos- 

 l'h..ii.- acid and one of tungstic acid in a carbon crucible at a very 

 high temperature. 



Tunyttrn and tut/ihnr form blndpliide (WS,) and tertulphide > 

 Tip- f'-n:.. i is a Mui.-li black, crystalline. |<Iuin!uL'.<> lik>' powder, which 

 remains undissolved when a well fused mixture of equal parts of 

 bitungstate of potash and sulphur is treated with water. The tor- 

 sulphide is produced on dissolving tungstic acid in an alkaline sulphide, 

 and precipitating by an acid : it U slightly soluble in water, and is a 

 powerful sulphur acid. 



Tunyrtcii and rhl irinf combine in two proportions. On passing the 

 dry gas over the heated metal, both chlorides are form' d, the , 

 'proportions depending on the amount of chlorine. The bichloride 

 (WC1,) U less volatile than the terchluride (WC1,). Both of them cry*, 

 tallise. 



The compounds of tungsten are not poisonous. Their solutions are 

 not precipitated by sulphide of hydrogen, or sulphide of ammonium. 

 Sulphuric acid and zinc when added to a solution of lung.-' 

 ducu a deep blue coloration in the liquid. With borax in the blow- 

 pip* flam*, U* compound* of tungsten yield a yellow Ii . 

 blood-red on cooling. The metal i* estimated in thu state of Umgstic 

 anhydride, which contains 7U'-!- per cent, of metal. 



rUNOSTIC ACID. [Ti-.Ni;bTt:.v] 



