4(11 



TYPE METAL. 



TYROSIN. 



402 



TYPE METAL. The alloy formerly used for printers' types con- 

 sisted of lead and antimony in about the following proportions : 



Lead '5 



Antimony . . . . . . . 25 



100 



Recently, however, a harder description of metal has been found neces- 

 sary, especially for the smaller letters, and the necessary quality has 

 been attained by the partial or even total substitution of tin for lead 

 in the above compound. The alloy of this description most commonly 

 used is the following : 



Lead .SO 



Tin 25 



Antimony ....... 25 



100 

 Another alloy known as Didot's metal consists of 



Lead 30 



Tin SO 



Antimony 30 



Copper 10 



100 



The latter alloy, although very hard, appears to be too brittle for 

 the purposes of the printer. 



TYPES. [ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Comlilittion of oryanie compounds.] 



TYPHOON. [Wim] 



TYPHUS. [FEVER, CONTUSED.] 



TYRANT. The Words tyrant and tyranny come respectively from 

 the Greek tyrannot, tyrannit (flipavvos, Tvpavvts), through the Latin. 

 The earliest instance of the word tyrannus is perhaps in the Homeric 

 hymn to Ares (Mars). It is used by the earliest extant Greek historians, 

 HerodoUis and Thucydides, to signify a person who possessed sovereign 

 power and owed it to usurpation, or who derived it from a person who 

 h.wl obtained such power by usurpation, and who maintained it by 

 force. A familiar example of a tyrant is Pisistratus, who usurped the 

 supreme power at Athens B.C. 580, and was succeeded in it by his 

 eldest son .Hippias. A Greek tyrant who obtained sovereign power 

 was a monarch in the proper sense of that term. [MONARCH.] If he 

 acquired a power which was somewhat less than sovereign, he was not 

 a monarch ; but in either case he would perhaps be called tyrannus ; 

 and accordingly the word does not express with accuracy the dejfree of 

 political power which an individual acquired, but it rather expresses 

 the mode of acquisition, or refers to its originally illegal origin. Still 

 the term tyrant, as used among the Greeks, always indicates that the 

 person so called was at the head of the state, and possessed at least 

 more power than any other individual or any number of individuals in 

 it. The word, as used by the older Greek writers, did not carry with 

 it any notion of blame : it simply denoted a person possessed of such 

 political power as above mentioned, whether he used it well or ill. 

 Many so called tyrants were popular with the mass of the community, 

 and were men of letters, and patrons of literature and art. They might 

 appropriately be called kings or princes in the modern acceptation of 

 those terms, except perhaps that the uncertainty of their tenure of 

 power and the want of a recognised hereditary succession in the 

 tyranny, or a regular mode of succeeding to it, would render the 

 application of any modern name inappropriate. 



In some passages in Herodotus (hi. 80, &c. ; vi. 23, &c. ; vii. 165) 

 the words monarch and tyrant are used as synonymes to express an 

 individual who possesses sovereign power ; and in one instance at least 

 (vi. 23, 24) he calls the same person king (|8a<nA<it) and monarch 

 (fiovrapxo'}- Aristotle (' Polit.', iii. 7), after stating that a polity or 

 government must either be in the hands of one or of a few, or of the 

 many, adds that we are accustomed to call a monarchy which has 

 regard to the interests of all members of the state a kingship (0a<riA{ (a) ; 

 and that a monarchy which has regard only to the interests of the 



monarch is a tyranny. In the case of Miltiades, who became tyrant of 

 theThracian Chersonesus, Nepos (' Miltiad.') remarks that "all persons 

 are considered and called tyranni who enjoy lasting power in a state 

 which has once been free." This definition seems to express pretty 

 clearly the old Greek notion of a tyrant, but it leaves out of con- 

 sideration the mode in which the power was acquired. Nepos remarks 

 that Militiades was called " Tyrannus sed Justus," " tyrant, but tyrant 

 in constitutional form " (not juit), for he had been elected by the 

 people. Accordingly, he says in another place, he had the dignity or 

 rank of king without the name. This is consistent with Herodotus 

 (vl. 36), who says that the people made Miltiades tyrant (jiiptuivov 



KaTfffTllffaVTo), 



Among the Roman writers tyrannus is often used as simply equiva- 

 lent to king, especially by the poets. Cicero couples dominus and 

 tyrannus, thereby intending to use tyrannus in a bad sense, which was 

 perhaps the more common acceptation of the word among the Romans 

 in his time and subsequently. Seneca seems to refer to the original 

 sense of tyrannus when he says, " A tyrant is to be distinguished from 

 a king (rex) by his conduct, and not by the name : for Diouysius the 

 elder (who was called a tyrant) was a better man than many kings ; 

 and Lucius Sulla may be appropriately called a tyrant, for he only 

 ceased from slaughter when he had no more enemies to kill." (Facciol., 

 ' Lex Tyrannus.') According to this, a man might be called tyrant 

 without being a cruel governor, for there were instances of persons so 

 called who had Used their power with moderation ; and yet a man who 

 had not the title of tyrant might be called tyrant on account of his 

 cruelty. It seems as if Seneca was trying to distinguish the popular 

 use of tyrant in his time from its earlier historical signification. 

 Tribellius Pollio has written the ' History of the Thirty Tyrants ' who 

 sprung up in the Roman empire in the time of Gallienus and Valerian. 

 These so-called tyrants were not more tyrannical, in the modern sense 

 of the term, than many Roman emperors. 



The use of the modern words tyrant, tyranny, tyrannical, has been 

 at vague as that of most other political terms. The term tyrant is 

 properly limited to the government of one man who is sovereign, and 

 the popular application of the term expresses disapprobation of his 

 conduct. Aristotle's definition of tyranny would apply well enough to 

 a modern tyrant : he is a sovereign who looks only to his own interest, 

 or what he considers his own interest, and cares not what he does in 

 order to accomplish his objects. But if he were a wise sovereign, and 

 administered the state solely with a view to his real interest, that 

 would be found in the main to coincide with the interest of the 

 people, and he would not be called a tyrant, though perhaps he would 

 come within Aristotle's definition. But Aristotle's language, though 

 apparently precise, is not so, and he means by a tyrant administering 

 the state for his own interest, that he also administers it to the detri- 

 ment of the people. The word tyrannical is now often applied to acts 

 of governments which are not monarchies ; but this is an improper use 

 of the word. We may say that the laws enacted by the sovereign 

 power in Great Britain are sometimes impolitic, unwise, or injurious 

 to the state generally; they may also be sometimes called oppressive; 

 but they cannot with propriety be called tyrannical, though such an 

 expression may be and often is used in the vulgar sense of character- 

 ising a law which for Borne reason the person who uses the term does 

 not like. 



Confusion in the use of political terms, which is an index of con- 

 fusion of thought, leads to absurdity In conduct. It is therefore a 

 matter of some moment to clear up such confusion, which all people 

 should try to do who presume to speak or write on matters political. 

 A careful perusal of the following articles in this work, even if they 

 should not be quite free from error, will put a man in the way of 

 coming to right notions as to the meaning of ARISTOCRACY, CONSTITU- 

 TION, DEMOCRACY, KINO, LAW, MONARCH, REPUBLIC, SOVEREIGNTY. 



TYROSIN (C^H^NOj). A colourless crystalline organic substance 

 obtained along with LEUCIX, by the action of potash upon albumen, 

 fibrin, casein, horn, hair, feathers, &c. It also exists ready formed in 

 cochineal. It possesses neither acid nor alkaline properties. 



