VEDANTA. 



VEGETABLE PARCHMENT. 



.1 



Xirukta. because the meaning of word* it given there irrespective of 

 anything !<. -A commentary on this has been eorapoMd by Yiaka, In 

 twVnty A.lhv'.yas. Thin also is called Nirukta, because the real mean- 

 ing conveyed by each word it fully given therein.' " 



The fifth Vedinga U called Jyotiika, or "astronomy." 1 1 object was 

 to teaoh how to fix the proper time for the performance of sacrificial 

 acts. It a a Vaidik calendar. There U but one mnniucript work, in 

 the library of the India Office, which would seem to belong to thin 

 category, out it it difficult to lay whether it may aspirs to the proud 

 name of a VedAnga work. 



The ixth Vedanga. on the contrary, the Kaljxt, it reprewnted by a 

 great number of worki, several of which tire prewired in manuncrlpU 

 in our libraries. Kalpa means "ceremonial, and the works of thia 

 class are the code of the Brahmanio rites. It was stated before that 

 the Brahman'a portion of the Teda contains explanations of the pur- 

 poses for which the verses of the SanhiUa were used, in consequence 

 that it conveys a knowledge of the Vaidik rites. ThU knowledge, 

 however, which apparently sufficed for the period at which these works 

 were composed, must have been deemed insufficient at later ages, 

 which required a more copious detail for a proper performance of the 

 rites. Moreover, the Brahman's, as a first attempt, are wanting in 

 proper arrangement of the matter they contain, and abound in 

 legendary narratives, which interrupt their comment on the sacrificial 

 acts. The Kalpa-Sutras remedy this practical defect ; they contain a 

 complete system of the Vaidik rites according to the Veda to which 

 they belong. Of such Kalpa-Sutras, those connected with the cere- 

 monial of the R'igveda are, the Sutras of S'nnkhuyana, As'walayana, 

 and S'aunaka. Kalpa-Sutras explaining the rites of the Samaveda are 

 those of Maa'aka, LAt'yayana, Qobhila, Dr&hyAyan'a, and a Sutra called 

 Anupadasutra, which explains the ceremonial taught in the Panchavina'a- 

 Brahman'a. Kalpa-Sutras of the Black Yajurveda are the Apastamba, 

 BaudhAyana, SatyAshAdha-Hiranyakes'in, H&nava, BhAradwaja, &c. ; of 

 the White Yajurveda, that of KatyAyana ; of the Atharvaveda, that of 

 Kualka. 



Two other classes of Sutras gradually completed the code of these 

 Kalpa works, which, in being founded on S'ruti or the Veda, bear also 

 the name of Sraula-Fitra, namely, the Ht'ihya- and theSamnydcharH-n- 

 SAlrat. The Gr'ihya-Sntra describe the domestic ceremonies, as dis- 

 tinct from the great sacrificial acts enjoined by the S'rauta or Kalpa 

 works : " First, the marriage ceremonies ; then the ceremonies which 

 are performed at the conception of a child, at various periods before 

 his birth, at the time of his birth, the ceremony of naming the child, 

 of carrying him out to see the sun, of feeding him, of cutting his hair, 

 and, lastly, of investing him as a student and sending him to a Gurn, 

 under whose care he is to study the sacred writings. .... It is only 

 afler he has served his apprenticeship and grown up to manhood that 

 he is allowed to marry, to light the sacrificial fire for himself, to choose 

 his priests, and to perform year after year the solemn sacrifices prescribed 

 by Smr'iti and S'ruti. The latter are described in the later books of the 

 Qr'ihya-Sutras ; and the last book contains a full account of the funeral 

 ceremonies and of the sacrifices offered to the spirits of the departed.'* 

 (Miiller, ' Anc. Sansk. Lit.,' p. 204.) 



The Satnayacharika-Sutraa regulate the relations of every-day life. 

 " It U chiefly in them that we have to look to the originals of the 

 metrical law-books, such as Manu, Y.ijnavalkya, and the rest." (Ibid., 

 p. 200.) Both these Sutras are comprised under the name of Smdrla- 

 .s'dlra (from Sair'ili, " tradition "), as they are based on it. Uf the (Jr'ihya- 

 Sutras of the R'igveda, we possess those of S'Ankhayana and As'wala- 

 yana ; a Gr'ibya Sutra of the Samaveda is that of Gobhila ; the 

 Yajurveda in both its recensions seems to have had many Sutras of 

 this kind. Of the Black Yajurveda, we name especially the BaudhA 

 yana; and of the White Yajurveda, the Piraskara Gr'ihya Sutra. 



We conclude these outlines of the principal works of the Vaidik 

 literature with mentioning another class of compositions which arose 

 from the desire of securing the integrity of the Vaidik texts, as well an 

 the traditional and exegetic material connected with them, the 

 Anutroman't, nr Indices to various portions of this literature. The 

 completest of this kind is that by KAtyayana, to the R'igveda-Sanhita. 

 It gives the first words of each hymn, the number of verses, the name 

 and family of the poets, the names of the deities, and the metres ol 

 very verse. Its name is Sarrdnul-raman'l, that is, " the index of all 

 things ;" and it seems to have improved on four similar writings which 

 I needed it and are ascribrd to S'aunaka. For the Yajurveda there 

 an mentioned three Anukrainnn'l, f., r the Samaveda two, and there is 

 uM for the Atharvaveda. (Muller, ' Anc. Sansk. Lit.,' p. 215, ff.) 



It would be but natural to auk, what date could be assigned to all 

 or any of the various works which have been named in the course ol 

 this brief sketch of Vaidik literature ; but Sanskrit philology is as yet 

 not able to answer this question satisfactorily. It may offer conjectural 

 <lates according to the impressions of the individual mind, but it 

 bound to avow that past research has not provided it with fact* which 



1 impart to iU chronological surmues any drgree of plausibility. 

 V KI > A N'TA. [SANSKRIT LAXOCAOI AM> LITIRATUBE, col. 209.1 

 vi'.nri! [VMAJ 



VKKIUNi;, or \\K.\lfING (from the French, rirer), it that move- 

 ment of a ship in which, supposing her to have been previously sallini 

 with the wind on cither bow, she is brought, by bar bead being turneJ 

 to leeward, into such ponltion that the wind is on the offer bow, and 



she U brought round on sn opposite tack. A reference to our word 

 TACKIKO will show that during that operation the ship's head is 

 Brought to the wind, while in the act of veering it is quite the reverse. 



If in tacking the ship Ion* so much of her forward motion as to be 

 noapable of yielding effectually to the action of the water on the 

 nidder, and thus of turning her opposite bow towards the point from 

 whence the wind is blowing, the ship is said to miss stays ; she then 

 Irifts to leeward, till, by the action of the water on the lee ride of the 

 rudder the head is again turned from the wind, when she is brought to 

 ier previous position. In this case, should it be neoaasary to persevere 

 in endeavouring to change the course, and should the ship be not too 

 near a point of danger, the proposed end may be gained by veering, 

 and the evolution is thus effected : When, in drifting to leeward, the 

 ship begins to fall oft*, or to turn her head from the wind, the helm is 

 [ilaced hard a-weather, and the after-sails are hauled up so that the 

 wind may act upon the head-sails only, and that the ship may be 

 Drought before the wind ; when, the velocity of rotation continuing, 

 the ship's head begins to turn towards the wind, which will then be on 

 the opposite bow. The helm being now turned to leeward, and the 

 after-sails set, the ship comes rapidly into the required position. 



This evolution is frequently the only one which can be performed 

 in stormy weather when little sail can be carried, and also when sailing 

 with a light breeze ; since, in either of these cases, the ship may not 

 have sufficient velocity to allow of being put about by tacking : the 

 disadvantage of veering is that, during the evolution, the ship is some- 

 Limes carried far to leeward, and the loss of space can only be diminished 

 by executing the movement with as much rapidity as possible. 



When a heavy sea is running, veering is a perilous operation, as may 

 be inferred from the following diagrams. During a hard gale good 

 experience in seamanship is required in order to prevent the decks 

 being swept by the waves. There are two periods, while a ship U 

 veering, at which the danger Is most threatening : namely, soon after a 

 ship's head has payed broad off when she is liable to be caught in the 

 trough of the sea, as in .*/. 1 ; and, next, when she has come with 



;._-. i. 



head right off the wind, and Is scudding, as in jig. 2. In either case 

 the breaking of the sea upon deck might destroy everything thereon, if 



rig. t. 



it did not lead to the foundering of the vessel The latter case is that 

 of a ship receiving a sea over the stern, when she is said to have been 

 " pooped." In small fore and aft vessels, and especially in open boats, 

 veering is attended with some risk even in moderate weather, and 

 should be always done with caution ; the sudden " swag " of the 

 m| n n and boom from one side to the other as the wind catches the 

 vessel upon the other quarter, may snap the boom with the sudden- 

 ness of the jerk, or capsize the vessel altogether. To obviate this it is 

 proper to round in the main sheet as it comes aft, and then check and 

 ease it. 



Box-hauling is an evolution similar to that of veering, and is put in 

 practice when a rock or some other danger is suddenly seen a bead. 

 If it be supposed that the ship is already close hauled, the after-sails 

 are to be taken up, the helm turned a-lee, and the head-sails laid back ; 

 by these means the ship's head begins to turn from the wind, and :., v 

 forward motion is arrested. As the ship's head continues to turn, the 

 wind begins to act on the after-surfaces of the head-sails, giving a small 

 motion forward ; and then the helm is shifted so as to co-operate with 

 the wind in causing the ship's head to fall farther off. The rest of the 

 i-volnt: ! iiit wlii.-h in ]x>rf..nniil in the act of veering. 



\ KI;'-;TAI:I.K ALKALOIDS. [BASE; OHOAHIC BASES.] 



VKUK.TAI'.I.K CASKIN. [Lnousil.v.] 



STABLE liKKKN. fCoLouRiHO MATTERS.] 

 ,KTAI!I.K I V >l! V [IVORT.] 



rvi',1,1. l.KATHKK. [LUATHER MASUFACTCRE.] 

 VEGETABLE PARCHMENT. [PARCHMBNT, VSXWTABLI.] 



