789 



WAX-MODELLING. 



WAY. 



790 



be well adapted for summer weather might be too brittle for winter 

 use. Some modellers use simply wax and a small proportion of 

 Venetian turpentine; others wax, resin, common turpentine, and a 

 little olive-oil ; the wax being at least two-thirds of the whole compo- 

 sition. It is seldom if ever used pure, as in all objects to be modelled 

 whi e or some colour must predominate : for instance in modelling the 

 brain, white in powder must be mixed in the composition, and the 

 same respect must be had with regard to the predominant colour of 

 every object to be modelled. 



No strict rules can be given for the process of modelling, as each 

 modeller will soon acquire methods of his own, and generally speaking 

 artists of this class object to disclose their peculiar processes, imagining 

 it to be detrimental to their interests. However, we may speak of 

 general principles. Nearly all wax models are cast from moulds, and 

 the casts only in some cases require the assistance of modelling : these 

 moulds are generally taken from the objects themselves, either in 

 plaster of Paris or in a composition of bees'-wax, Burgundy pitch, and 

 Venice turpentine, with a very small quantity of olive-oil. The 

 advantage of this latter composition is, that even when cold, if pro- 

 perly mixed, the mould is elastic or flexible ; and if made thin, when 

 cut on the edges can be peeled off the cast in pieces without any 

 danger to the cast : in taking moulds in plaster of Paris, the object 

 moulded must sometimes be destroyed to render the mould available. 

 Gelatine is now sometimes employed for making elastic moulds. 

 Hound objects must be moulded in two or more parts. Sometimes 

 when the object is cast in the mould, the mould must be destroyed 

 before the cast can be removed, and in destroying the mould there is 

 clanger of destroying the cast also; the elastic mould therefore has 

 great advantages in such cases over the plaster mould. When only one 

 view of an object is presented, and it is only slightly convex, the 

 plaster mould is quite sufficient, except the object itself, as the brain, 

 presents a very uneven and delicate surface. When the cast is to be 

 taken from the plaster mould, the mould must be moist with water, 

 but not absolutely wet, or the water would injure the very delicate 

 surface, which occurs in some pathological cases : the mould may be 

 moistened by allowing it to stand with the interior or face uppermost 

 in a dish of water, when it will soon absorb sufficient moisture for 

 the purpose. The mould must not be oiled when any delicate work is 

 to be done, as the oil will dissolve the surface of the wax, and thus 

 perhaps counteract the principal aim of the cast. The wax composi- 

 tion mould must bo slightly touched with a soft hair-tool with oil, to 

 enable it to peel away afterwards without the slightest danger to the 

 cast : being of a perfectly smooth surface, the small quantity of oil it 

 retains is immaterial. 



When the cast is made, and what they call backed up (that is, 

 strengthened with a coarser composition within), the process of paint- 

 ing commences ; but all effects cannot be given by mere colour, some 

 morbid deposits and effect? require to be expressed by adding wax of 

 the proper colour with a hair-pencil or other tool. The colouring is 

 done from the natural object represented, with fine hair-pencils and 

 powder colours moistened with turpentine and tempered with a little 

 wax ; simple water is also sometime* used as the colouring vehicle. 

 When the colouring is finished, the whole is covered with mastic 

 varnish. In case* where the morbid effect* or evidence* of disease 

 are of a distinct substance from the healthy texture, different coloured 

 wax should be usod in casting the healthy and diseased portions, and 

 the part* niaii be corrected by modelling. The same process must be 

 employed in modelling fruit and other object* of natural history, as 

 in pi-quiring anatomical models : but fruit, which is generally in full 

 or high relief, will require piece-moulds, that is, to be moulded in 

 several piece*, which is done half or part at a time. Flowers are not 

 all cast ; they are prepared from leaves of coloured wax made expressly 

 for the purpose. These leaves are cut the required shape ; they then, 

 with the necessary colour and a hair-pencil, receive their local tints; 

 and are finally joined and fashioned into the required Sower. Insects 

 are modelled by combining the two processes. In moulding object* 

 with hair or delicate raised part*, a little oil must be carefully put over 

 the parts, unless they are wet. Dry firm object* may be moulded 

 without oil ; the plaster must be removed a* goon as it is set 



It remains yet to speak of the mode of making images. These like- 

 wise are made in various ways ; but the essential process is casting. A 

 head may be simply cast, and, when the hair and eyes have been added 

 to it, the local tints be given with turpentine and colour. This 

 method however uses a considerable quantity of wax, and various 

 devices have been had recourse to to save wax. One mode is to cast 

 the pure wax thin, and to back up or fill in to a considerable thickness 

 with a coarse composition of bees'-wax, resin, and cow-hair or tow ; in 

 casting image* the mould may be oiled. Ordinary heads however may 

 be made in this manner : Let a thin block head be fashioned in a 

 mould or otherwise, of coarse paper pulp and size ; when dry it must 

 be coloured all over with flesh-tint, the local colours being put on, a 

 higher degree than is natural, as also the colours of the cheeks, lips, 

 and eyebrows ; the whole may then be covered with wax, which must be 

 poured over it two or three times, until the surface is well covered ; its 

 regularity may be secured by retarding the cooling of the wax and 

 uaiftting it to run, by means of a hot iron or burner (call' 

 by the ancients), which must be held near it until the whole has a 

 uniform surface. The colour originally painted on the paper block 



will show through the wax, and the head will require but the hair, 

 the eyes, and a few local touches to finish it. Masks may be alao 

 dipped in wax, or the wax may be put on with a hair-tool, if the mask 

 be kept warm ; or a wax cast may be backed up or strengthened with 

 strong paper pulp. There are however other methods of modelling 

 wax figures, but no method can be properly explained by a verbal de- 

 scription; such mechanical processes must be witnessed to be under- 

 stood : for this reason this article has been limited to mere general 

 principles, which is as much as the general reader can require or 

 understand. 



Sculptors are in the habit of making wax models of small objects 

 in the round, or for bassi-rilievi to be cast in metal, in the same manner 

 and with the same tools that common clay models are made of : the 

 same wax is used as is required for casts. [MODELLING.] Medals and 

 small bronzes are generally modelled in wax. Impressions from seals, 

 engraved gems, aud cameos are taken with wax. The wax, which is 

 prepared with a little powdered sugar-candy, turpentine, and lamp- 

 black, after being melted, is preserved in small cakes. These cakes 

 when wanted are softened by repeated pressure of the fingers, and are 

 then compressed into or upon the seals or cameos, previously wetted, 

 from which the impressions may be required. 



WAX, SEALING. [SEALING- WAX.] 



WAY, Chimin (from the French Chemin), is a term used to denote 

 either a right, in one person or more, of passing over the land of another, 

 or the space over which such right is exercisable. In the former sense 

 a way is an incorporeal right of the class called EASEMENTS. 



There are five kinds of way : 1. A foot-way, for persons passing 

 on foot only ; 2. A horse-way, for persons passing on horseback, but 

 including a foot- way ; 3. A drift-way, for driving cattle ; 4. A carriage- 

 way, for leading or driving carts and other carriages, always including 

 a foot- and horse-way, and usually, but not necessarily, including a 

 drift-way ; 5. A water-way for ships and boats. [RIVER.] 



All these may be either private or public ways. Private ways are 

 enjoyed by particular persons or classes ; public ways are open to all 

 persons ; hence such a way is said to be comnntnis strata, or aha via 

 rryia in the language of pleading, a common and public queen's 

 high-way. 



I. The proper origin of a private right of way is, a grant from the 

 owner of the soil. 



Such a grant may be made to a party, or to him and his heirs in 

 r/rott ; that is, without respect to any laud or house of which lie may 

 be the owner or occupier : or to the grantee, his heirs, and assigns, 

 being owners of such a house or close ; in which case the right granted 

 will be appurtenant to the house or close to which the grant is 

 annexed, and the right will pass with the house or close. 



The grant of a way may be either express or implied ; and in the 

 case of an express grant, the grantor may impose such restrictions 

 upon his grant as he thinks proper. If a man at the time when he 

 conveys part of his land to another, has no access to the land con- 

 veyed, except over the land which he reserves, the grant of a right of 

 way over the land reserved is implied. If a man conveys part of his 

 land, and has no access to the part reserved, except over the land 

 conveyed, a right of way over the laud conveyed is impliedly 

 reserved. The way so impliedly granted or reserved is called a " way 

 of necessity." 



Where no deed can be produced whereby a way is expressly or im- 

 pliedly created, the party who claims the way may, in the case of a 

 long-continued user of the right without evidence of commencement 

 or interruption within the period of legal memory, plead that it has 

 been immemorially enjoyed by him and his ancestors in the cose of a 

 way in gross, or by him and all those whose estate he has, in the house 

 or close to which the way is annexed, in the case of a way appendant 

 (that is, immemorially appurtenant). 



Until lately also, a lost grant would be presumed in ordinary cases, 

 after an uninterrupted and unexplained user of twenty years. The 

 rule of law as to prescription for ways is settled by 2 & 3 Will. IV. 

 c. 71, *. 2. [PRESCRIPTION.] 



A grant of a right of way made by a person who has only a limited 

 estate in the land over which the way passes, is effectual only during 

 the continuance of the estate of the grantor. If a claim to a right of 

 way is set up in respect of the twenty years' or the forty years' enjoy- 

 ment mentioned in the statute, if it appear that the land over which 

 the right is claimed has, during the whole or part of the twenty or 

 forty years, been in the occupation of a party who had a limited estate 

 in such land, not only is no right of way acquired against the rever- 

 sioner, but no right whatever is gained by the user. 



The party to whom a private road is allotted under the general 

 enclosure act, has a statutory right of way. 



If the party entitled to a way becomes the owner of the land over 

 which it passes, the right of way is extinguished if the party has the 

 same extent of interest in the land and in the way. But if the one be 

 held for an estate different in extent of duration from the other, the 

 right is only sinjtendcd during the union of the two interests. Even 

 where a right of way is extinguished by unity of possession, it will, in 

 some cases, revive upon a severance of that unity, as by partition 

 among parceners, &c. A private right of way may also be extinguished 

 by a deed of release executed by the party who ia entitled to such 

 way; and such a release may be presumed from a non-user for 



