K07 WOOLLEN' AND WORSTED MANMT u TfRES. 



WORK, UNIT 



for me. This u analogous to system pursued by the bobbin-net 

 manufacturer* at Nottingham, where the net is sold by the maker in 

 the rough state ai it leaves the loom, and purchased by other parties, 

 who singe, dress, and tiniah it ready for the market. 



.sv.i/ili> nf Ike Trade. In 1739, the writer of a pamphlet on the 

 subject of wool estimated the number of persons engaged in the woollen 

 manufacture at 1 ,500,000, and their wages at 11,737,5001. per annum. 

 This estimate was obviously an overcharged one. Dr. Campbell, in 

 1774. thought that there might probably at that time be 1,000,000 

 persons employed in the manufacture in England ; that the value of 

 the wool used was 3,000,000/1 per annum ; and that this value was 

 increased to 12,000,0007. by the processes of manufacture. In 1800 the 

 woollen manufacturers, in committee before the House of Lords, made 

 the extravagant estimate that there were then 1,500,000 persons 

 directly engaged in the manufacture; that an equal nuiuU-r were col- 

 laterally employed in it ; thnt the value of the wool used was more 

 tlian 6,000,0001. sterling ; and that of the manufactured goods nearly 

 20,000,0007. sterling. In 1815 Mr. Stevenson supposed that there 

 were half a million persons employed, receiving 9.600,0007. per annum 

 wages; and that this sum, added to the value of the raw material, the 

 interest on capital, the manufacturer's profit, Ac., gave 18,000,0007. as 

 the annual value of the cloth produced. Mr. M'Culloch ('Statistical 

 Account ') forms an estimate on the following data : That there are 

 about 150,000,01)0 Ibs. of wool worked up yearly ; that this may be worth 

 about 7,500,0007. ; that the value of the manufactured goods is three 

 times that of the raw wool, making therefore 22,500,0002. per annum ; 

 that this value is thus made up : 



Raw material . . 

 Oil, soap, drc-slum, &c. 

 Interest, profit, &c. . 

 Wages . 



. 7,SOO,000 

 . 1,000,000 

 . 4,690,000 

 . 8,750,000 



22,500,000 



And dividing this amount of wages at the rate of 267. a year to each 

 i. Iterative on an average, he arrives at the number 334,600, which he 

 thinks a probable approximation to the number of persons employed 

 in the woollen manufacture in this country. Mr. Chapman (one of the 

 Assistant Hand-Loom Commissioners) made an estimate which agrees 

 pretty nearly with that .of Mr. M'Culloch; although at the first glance 

 the two estimates seem discordant He thinks that, in 1831, the 

 number of families directly dependent on the manufacture were 



In the West Hiding of Yorkshire 

 In the Went of Kngland . , 

 In Norfolk and Kendal . 

 In the hosiery district . 

 In all other places . 



. 85,096 

 . . 20.851 



. 17,570 

 . . 20,464 



. 20,000 



163,981 



Then, taking the average number of persons in a family at 5J, he 

 .11 rives at on aggregate of 874,565 persons directly supported thereby. 

 He further supposes that this number must have increased, by 1841, 

 to 226,'Jl'S families, or 1,218,424 individuals. Mr. M'Culloch'g esti- 

 mate is of the number of persons employed, while Mr. Chapman's is of 

 the number of persons tupported ; and this may explain the apparent 

 discrepancy between the two estimates. As to the value of the 

 manufacture, Mr. Chapman proceeds thus : 226,298 families, earning, 

 on an average, 17. 6<7. per week each family, which amounts to 

 10,296,5597. ; and the relation between this and the other items of the 

 ciwl he thus states : 



Value of TOO! employed 

 Oil, dyc-slufl'n, soap, &c. 

 Wages ... 

 Wear and tear, profit . 



. 10,000,000 



1,500,000 



. 10,290,559 



. 4,359,311 



26,155,670 



In the last edition of his ' Commercial Dictionary,' Mr. M'Culloch 

 makes on estimate, which he supposes to approximate pretty nearly to 

 the true figures for the year 1858. He takes the consumption of 

 English wool at 110 million Ibs. at Is. 3</. per lb., anil that of foreign 

 at CO million Ibs. at 2x. Then he makes up four large items thus : 



Wool .... 

 Wages .... 

 Soap, oil, dyes, &c. . 

 I'rotlt, inUnut, wear and tear 



. 12,875,000 

 7,725,000 

 1,200,000 



. 4,200,000 



26,000,000 



.1 2,000,0002. worth of shoddy and mungo manufactures. So far 



a-t regards woollen and worsted mills, and the persons engaged in them, 



Some writers have guessed the total value at 



i.oOO/. ; but this is only a guess. At a recent period, in a woollen 



y at Leeds, 570 persons were found to be earning 12s. lid, per 



.week on an average : namely, men's average 22*. Zd. ; women and girls', 



St. ; boys', 6. 8rf. Mr. Klines, in an article in the ' Statistical Journal ' 



for 1869, estimated that the woollen manufacturers (without the 



worsted) use up 156 million Ibs. of British and foreign wool, 45 million 



Ibs. of shoddy and mungo, and cotton to the value < ; that 



the value of these fibres is about 10,500,0002. ; and that the wage*, 

 oil, soap, dyes, profit, interest, rent, and wear and tear, mine the total 

 value fa i -<i, -".'". i.""'. ||,. , -tn. i -it. - that 150,000 persons wen .-mi.'.. yc.l 

 in the woollen manufactures in 1858; Mr. M'Cull" , h . -tii,i it. - ., 

 persons employed in the voollen and vorttcd manufactures in the same 

 \. r. 



From 1725 to 1820 all the cloths made and fulled in the '. 

 were measured and stamped by officers api>itit< <l for that purpose, 

 riti.l I'D. in the returns made, it appears that them wen- full. il. in thu 

 :i ling, tin- following imuibcr of pieces of brood and narrow cloth, 

 in the years named : 



In 1726 

 174G 

 1766 



Brood. Narrow. 



26,671 



50,637 6S.775 



72,575 78,893 



In 1736 

 1806 

 J816 



Broad. 



158,792 

 290,269 

 325,449 



Narrow. 



12 



175,391 



I.'.,' 1 "! 



The woollens and worsteds exported in 1820, 1830, anil 1840, had a 

 value of 5,587,7581'.. 4,728,6607,, and 5,327,853?. respectively. In 1845, 

 1850, and 1855, the value rose to sums varying from nine to ten 

 millions sterling annually. The figures for the year 1860, given some- 

 what more in detail, will show in what way the manufacture sub- 

 divides itself into kiudi). The exports in the year just named \. 

 follow : 



Woollen eloth of all kinds . . . . 579,135 pieces. 

 Mixed stuff*, flannels, blankets, and carpets 93,079,584 yards. 

 Mixed stuffs entered al value . . . 493,520 



Worsted stockings ..... 272,332 dozen pairs. 



Worsted stuffs 2,616,750 pieces. 



Woollen and worsted yarns ... 245,839 cuts. 



The value of all these exports exceeded 16,000,000/. The Unit, 1 

 States were the largest purchasers of the woven goods ; the yarn went 

 in greater quantity to Germany. 



WOORARI. Wooraly, tt'urari, {'ran. The extract of the bark of 



the Siryclin'tt toxifera, which is used by the Indians of Guiana to 



poison their arrows. Recent investigation has shown that the 



poisonous principles of this extract are strychnine and brucine. [Nix 



. ALKALOIDS OK.] 



\\ ( HtK, UNIT OK. The sum of the dynamical effect produced by 

 a prime mover in a given time is known in books upon mechanism by 

 the term of its unit of work ; but in order to bo able to cou>|>are the 

 relative effective values of the various motors it is customary to refer 

 them to the unit of work most generally considered to represent the 

 normal conditions of au artificial prime mover. In such case* tin 1 

 amount of work is taken as being represented by a weight raised 

 through a definite height in the time given; and as hone-power w.-n 

 formerly the one most commonly used for mechanical purposi ,-. tin- 

 custom has arisen of comparing the etlicictit power of machines in pro- 

 portion to the units of work they can perform, each of which m 

 equal to the unit of work performed by a horse supposed to i 

 weight vertically. Writers upon physics are far from being unanimous 

 as to the real value to be assigned to the horse-poicer ; but in Kugland 

 it is generally considered to be equivalent to a weight of 33, (>' 

 raised one foot high in a minute ; or to 550 Ibs. raised 1 foot in a 

 second ; and that unit of work is adopted as the term of comparison 

 in the majority of cases when the powers of steam engines an- c.. in- 

 pared. In the case of the pumping engines of the Cornish mim-.-, tin- 

 unit of work is made to refer to the weight of water actually raised by 

 the combustion of a hundred weight <.f c. .al.<. and the unit of work is 

 technically known in that district by the term, " duty." 



Of course the amount of work performed by any prime mover must 

 vary under the ever varying conditions of practice ; and especially 

 when men, horses, or other animals, are employed must the effort they 

 can exert depend upon individual constitution, and upon accidental 

 circumstances. The units of work assigned to the respective 1 1 

 mentioned below must, therefore, only be considered to represent .1 

 rude kind of average in each instance, and particular attention must bo 

 paid to the fact that there is for all of them a velocity of ; 

 application of the power, an effort, and a duration of that 

 which are the most favourable for the useful effect. The average unit 

 of work may often vary from \ to \ above or below the qua 

 cited, according to the age, or the health, of the animal motors, or to 

 the climate in which they work. The table is extracted from 

 Poncelet's ' Me'canique Industi 



The unit of work of steam engines, the horse-power, has long 

 to have any real meaning, for the real power, as ascertained l.y the 

 dynamometer, is invariably in excess of the nominal h.n-. power of the 

 engines. The common rule for calculating the mnainal power of 

 engines, whose pistons move at the velocities proscribed 1 .y Watt ' - 

 is however as follows: multiply the .-.|iiare of the diameter of the 

 cylinder, in inches, by the velocity of the piston, in feet, and divide 

 the product by 6000 ; the product will be the number of nominal horses' 

 power. As this formula does not include any term expressing the 

 expansive power of the steam, it must evidently be unsatisfactory ; 

 the real power maybe ascertained by means of the indicator as follows. 

 Multiply the area of the piston by the residual pressure, after deducting 

 for the friction and the loss of power in working the air pump (this is. 



