1011 



\VOI;K HOUSE. 



\VORMS, HUMAN. 



loll 



khonsM an povom.'.l under the rules and regulations which are 

 contained in the consolidated urdrr <-\ the Poor-Law Board. 1' 

 are admitted to them in one or other of the following mode* : 1. By 

 a written or printed order of the Board of Guardian*, signed by their 

 clerk. 2 By a provisional written or printed order, signed by a 

 relieving officer or an overseer. 3. By the master of the workhoune 

 (or during hi* absence, or inability to act, by the matron), without any 

 order, in any ca*e of sudden or urgent necessity. The pauper* are 

 divided into the following clauses : 1. Hen, infirm through age or any 

 other cause. 2. Able-bodied men, and youths above the age of fifteen 

 jean. 3. Boys above the age of seven years and under that of fifteen. 

 l \v "men infirm through age or any other cause. 5. Able-bodied 

 women, and girls above the age of fifteen yean. 0. Girls above the 

 age of seven yean and under that of fifteen. 7. Children under seven 

 yean of age. The following officers are appointed for each workhouse, 

 except in the case of very small workhouses, when some of the offices 

 are combined namely, a chaplain, medical officers, master, matron, 

 schoolmaster, schoolmistress, jotter, and nurse, with such assistants as 

 may be deemed necessary. These officers are all appointed by the 

 boards of guardians of the respective unions; and they are paid 

 adequate salaries by the guardians, subject to the approval of the Poor-' 

 Law Board ; and, with the exception of the two first, in addition to 

 their salaries, are allowed board and lodging in the workhouse. Though 

 the officers are appointed by the boards of guardians, unless they volun- 

 tarily resign they cannot be removed except by an order of the Poor- 

 Law Board. For detailed information regarding the government o{ the 

 workhouse, that is, the admission of paupers, their classification, dis- 

 cipline and diet, punishment for misbehaviour, and the duties of the 

 workhouse officers, the ' Poor-law Board Orders,' edited by \V. Cun- 

 ningham Glen, Esq., Barrister .it-Law, should be consulted. 



There are 623 unions and parishes under separate boards of guardians, 

 and in which relief to the poor is administered under the provisions of 

 local acts of parliament, all of which, with the exception of about ten 

 unions, have workhouses capable of accommodating from a compara- 

 tively small number up to 3500 paupers (in the Liverpool workhouse), 

 which is the largest number allowed in any one workhouse. There 

 are 708 workhouses in England and Wales, and the maximum number 

 of paupers to be admitted at any one time into each workhouse is in 

 each case limited by the Poor-Law Board ; the total accommodation 

 afforded by all the workhouses provides for about 218,000 persons, 

 besides accommodation for the officers of the establishments. 



The following are the numbers of paupers of the respective classes 

 who were maintained in the workhouses in Kngland on the 1st July, 

 1860, and 1st January, 1861, respectively : 



Total 



102,223 



132,140 



Under ordinary circumstances, therefore, the workhouses are only 

 about half full, and the excess of accommodation provided is reserved 

 to meet any extraordinary pressure that may occur. 



During the year ended the 25th March. 1860, the total expenditure 

 out of the poor-rates in and connected with the relief of the destitute 

 poor, amounted to the sum of 5,454,9642. 7s., and of that sum 

 912,3601. 7- was expended in the relief to the poor in workhouses ; 

 but to that sum must be added the cost of the workhouse establish- 

 ments, including the salaries of the officers, to arrive at a correct 

 estimate of the cost of workhouse relief. These items, however, are 

 not separately distinguished from the cost of the union salaries gene- 

 rally ; which during the year referred to amounted to the sum of 

 644,7092. 9i. Taking the whole of the workhouses, the average cost 

 of maintaining each pauper therein averages about 3>. Id per week, 

 which is the cost of food, clothing, and necessaries charged to the 

 in-maintenance accounts ; the cost of the food being about 2. lid. per 

 week, and of the clothing and necessaries about 3d. per week for each 

 pauper. In some workhouses, however, the cost is much higher, and 

 in others considerably less than those amounts. 



The coat of erecting the Liverpool workhouse, which is the largest, 

 amounted to upwards of 120,0001. Some of the smaller workhouses 

 cost as low as 1500/. building, but taking them altogether, the average 

 cost of each may be stated 'at about 8000/. ; HO that, there being 708 

 workhouses, the total cost of these buildings may be taken as repre- 

 senting the sum of five millions and a half (exclusive of interest), hidi 

 urn was raised by loans secured upon the poor-rates, repayable by 

 annual instalments, including interest, in periods varying from ten to 

 twenty yean. 



Further on the subject of the poor-law statistics the reader is 

 referred to the paper on the ' English Poor-Rate/ by Mr. Frederick 



Purdy, in the 'Journal of the Statistical Society of London,' for 

 September. 1860. 



Wnlll.l' ! ] 



\V.H;KS AND BUILDINGS, BOABD OF. .:STS.] 



\\nijMs.iir.MAX. The body of man, like that of the lower ani 

 serves as a locality for the residence of several of the lower forms of 

 animals which are known by the general name of worms. These creatures 

 all belong to the lower forms of the annuloae group of animals, and are 

 sometimes grouped together under the name of Entozoa [Ksro. 

 NAT. HIST. Div.]. This is not, however, a philosophical cUssifi< 

 as many animals belonging to this group in i>oiiit of structure have not 

 necessarily parasitical habits. Another reason for getting rid of the 

 tcnii l'iiti>/n:t \v ill be found in our present knowledge of the history of 

 the development of some groups of these creatures, as there is reason 

 to believe that they do not pass all their existence within the bodies of 

 other animals. The most important observation made with regard to 

 these animals in modern times, i* the identity of those forms of worms 

 called riittir, with those which have been called r<v 



The researches of Siebold, Kuchemneister, Leucknrt, and Rainey, 

 have now placed this matter beyond a doubt. The history of the 

 common tape-worm (Tania sulinm) of the human body may be taken 

 as a type of the whole. The eggs of this worm are contained in the 

 segments of the mature worm, which are called ; [ANTHEL- 



-.] These eggs, in order to their future growth and develop- 

 ment, must be swallowed and submitted to a process of digestion by 

 some other animal before they reach maturity. This process may 

 occur in many species of animals, but that in which it takes place most 

 commonly is the pig. In the intestines of the pig the egg becomes an 

 embryo, which is supplied with six hooks, by means of which it pene- 

 trates the tissues of the intestines, and entering tl. -els is 

 carried by the current of the blood to the various organs oi tl:- 

 This embryo having reached a place of rest, is developed into the 

 worm known by the name of Cyl m. This form of the 

 worm is well known, and produces in the flesh of th 

 ance which is called in the markets " measly pork." Here it iv 

 and dies, unless the flesh containing it is eateu by some other animal. 

 When eaten by man and submitted to the process of digestion, the 

 cystic worm is further developed. In the cyst tin : called 

 the" Scolex head," supplied with suckers and hook*. 

 hold of the mucous membrane of the int. .]', cted, 

 results in the growth of those segments which are known as the 

 characteristic of the tape-worm. The H!.'\ hr.nl i* HMW t!.,- i 

 the tape-worm, and the segments are the proglottides which continue to 

 increase, and eventually each segment is developed into a sexual beinj?, 

 containing both the male and female organs of generation, and the eggs 

 are produced. These facts have been well established by experiments, 

 made by both Von Sn-l.oM :unl Kiichcnmeister. Man is also subject to 

 the attack of cystic worms, Ecldnoroccus, &c., which attain their mature 

 drvrlopment in other animals. The following is a classification of the 

 worms at present known to inhabit the human body : 



l>ivi>in AXM I.OSA. 



Subdivision ANNULOIDA. 



Oril U.K. 



Section I'I.AH 1:1 MIA Flat worms. 



Family TA:NI AD.S = CESTOI i >>:. 

 A. Mature States: 



latiit Broad Tape- worm. 

 Tn itia xuliunt Common Tape worm. 

 Tinii.it mediocaneUcUa. 

 Ttinia nana. 

 Tamia t (Cape of Good Hope.) 



LIST OP MATVRK AND IHXATUKK WoBMS, AND TIIE1E IlABIl IT-. 



The tape- worms of the lower animals have the same origin with those of 



111:111. ami their history has now been traced in a Urge n 



Thus, the dog is liable to the attacks of a tap' 



The egg of the T. canurut, on being swallowed by the sheep, produces 



