WORSTED MANUFACTURE. 



WOUNDS. 



1014 



a cystic worm in its brain, which has long been known by the name of 

 /iw cmbrafa. This worm produces the " staggers "in the sheep ; 

 and when dogs get access to the brains of sheep under these circumstances 

 they produce the Tienia ccenurui. The cat is liable to a tape-worm 

 called Tania crassicollis. the cystic stage of which is found in the liver 

 of the rat or mouse, and is known to naturalists under the name of 

 Cysticercus fusdilara. Even the Trematode worms pass through 

 stages of this kind, and the Cercceria of the mussel becomes the 

 Dintoma of the sheep. 



A question of some interest has been raised as to whether we ought 

 to regard these parasites as necessarily connected with a diseased state 

 of the body, and therefore to be got rid of at any cost. It is a curious 

 fact with regard to tape-worms and neuratoid worms, that they 

 will exist for years without producing any inconvenience. By the 

 Abyssinians they are regarded as indicative of health, and a negro 

 slave among them is valued higher for it. It is often observed that 

 persons who must have been the subjects of tape and other worms for 

 a long time past do not suffer till they become aware of the existence 

 of these creatures. At the same time there can be no doubt that 

 certain states of the health favour the excessive development both of 

 the immature and mature states of the various species of worm, and 

 that they then become sources of serious inconvenience. The symp- 

 toms attributed to the presence of tape-worms are very numerous. 

 Kiichenmeister, in his work on the ' Parasites of Man ' (translated for 

 the Sydenharn Society by Dr. Lankester), gives the following account 

 of symptoms observed in 1 00 cases in which tape- worms were known 

 to exist : 68 suffered from cerebrc-spinal affections and partial or 

 general convulsions ; 49 from nausea, sometimes with vomiting and 

 fainting; 42 with pains in the abdomen; 33 from disordered digestion; 

 31 from irregular and voracious appetite ; 19 from headache ; 17 from 

 colic; 16 from abdominal movements; 15 from dizziness; 11 from 

 shifting pains. It will at once be seen that none of them can be pro- 

 nounced as undoubted symptoms of worms, as they may all result 

 from other kinds of disorder. The only distinguishing sign that can 

 be relied on without doubt, is the discharge of the proglottides, or 

 portions of the worm, from the bowels. These being witnessed, the 

 case is certain. 



The remedies recommended for cestoid and other worms are very 

 numerous. When the general health is bad it should be improved. 

 There are. however, certain remedies which act in an especial manner 

 on the worm in the intestines which should always be administered. 

 These are called anthelmintics. [ANTHELMINTICS.] Most of these 

 act in two ways : 1. They destroy the worm, and act as helminthi- 

 ciJes. 2. They expel it when dead or enfeebled, and thus act as pur- 

 gatives. The best of these is oil of turpentine. It has been used ex- 

 tensively in Great Britain ; and Kiichenmeister, whose authority is 

 great on this subject, says " It is certainly one of the most energetic 

 ies against tape- worm, and justly merits application in those 

 cases in which pomegranate-bark has produced no result." It is a very, 

 disagreeable remedy, producing sometimes serious effects in the nervous 

 system and sometimes strangury. Consequently medical men try 

 other remedies first. Of these, koupo, male fern, pomegranate-bark, 

 and camelea, are preferred. Koupo has undoubtedly proved of ser- 

 vice, but Kuchennieister says he has always been more or lees unlucky 

 with this remedy. The male fern is also useful The decoction of 

 the root, the powdered sort* or etherial-oil, are given. Rapp says by 

 far the most efficient form is the fresh root. 



Kuchumiiii-Ur gives the preference to pomegranate bark. He uses 

 a thick extract of the bark, and says he ' prefers it to all other 

 remedies against tape-worm." It dislodges, he says, the head of the 

 worm more effectually than any other remedy. 



For a good abstract of the present state of knowledge with regard 

 i-worms in man, see an Essay on this subject by Dr. D. F. 

 Weinland, published at Cambridge, U.S., 185S. 



\VuU.-)Ti-;i> MANUFACTURE. [WooiAEjf AND WORSTED MANU- 



I!E ] 



WuKT. [BE! ..ixn.] 

 Wul It. I \VKI.I.. J 



WOri.H' S A I'PAHATUS. Under various forms, and with several 

 modifications, this apparatus is much employed in chemical operations. 

 The arrangement, first described by its inventor in the ' Philosophical 

 Transactions,' is inconvenient in form ; we shall therefore give a 

 description of one of several improvements to which it has been 

 fed. A retort a (Jig. 1.) is attached and secured by means of 

 lute to the first receiver 6, which has a right-angled glass tube, open at 

 tixed into its tubulure ; and the other extremity of the 

 tube is made to terminate beneath the surface of distilled water, cou- 

 i. ,-w high as the horizontal dotted line, in the three-necked 

 i"!M another neck of this bottle a second pipe proceeds, 

 which cmls, like the first, under water contained in a second bottle (/. 

 T'i tli 1 k a straight tube, open at both ends, is fixed, so that 



iU lower end may be a little beneath the surface of the liquid. Of these 

 bottlea any number may be employed that is thought necessary. The 

 iU being introduced into the retort, the arrangement completed, 

 ami the jint secured in the manner to be presently described, the 

 distillation is begun. The condensable vapour collects in a liquid 

 form iu the balloon h, while the evolved gas passes through the vent- 

 tube, beneath the surface of the water in c, which continues to absorb 



it till saturated. When the water of the first bottle can absorb no 

 more, the gas passes, uncondensed, through the second right-angled 

 tube into the water of the second bottle, which, in its turn, becomes 

 saturated. Any gas that may be produced, which ia not absorbable by 



Fig. 1 



water, escapes through the vent-tube e, and may be collected, if 

 requisite, iu an air- jar filled with and inverted in water in the pneu- 

 matic trough. This is represented \nfiy. 2 by/,/, and g. 



Supposing the bottles to be destitute of middle necks, and con- 

 sequently without the perpendicular tubes, the process would be liable 

 to be interrupted by an accident ; for if, ill consequence of diminished 

 temperature, an absorption or condensation of gas should take place in 

 the retort a, and of course in the balloon b, it must necessarily ensue 

 that the water of the bottles e and d would be forced by the pressure of 

 the atmosphere into the balloon, and possibly into the retort, which might 

 cause a dangerous explosion ; but, with the addition of the central 

 tubes, a sufficient quantity of air rushes through them to supply 

 any accidental vacuum. This inconvenience, however, is still more 

 effectually obviated by Welther's tube of safety (Jig. 2) 4, which super- 

 sedes the expediency of three necked bottles. The apparatus being 

 adjusted, a small quantity of water is poured into the funnel, so as to 

 about half till the ball b. When any absorption happens, the fluid 

 rises in the ball till none remains in the tube, when a quantity of air 

 immediately rushes in and supplies the partial vacuum in a. On the 

 other hand, no gas can escape under ordinary circumstances ; because 

 any pressure from within is instantly followed by the formation of a 

 high column of liquid in the perpendicular tube, which resists the 

 egress of the gas. 



We have already observed that various modifications of this appa- 

 ratus have been proposed, an account of which may be seen in 

 different chemical treatises : the above description is taken almost 

 entirely from Dr. Henry's ' Elements.' 



WOUNDING. [MAIM.] 



WOUNDS, in Surgery, are solutions of the continuity of the soft 

 parts of the body effected by some external agent, and attended with a 

 greater or less amount of bleeding. Wounds vary in their character 

 according to the kind of instrument by which they have been pro- 

 duced, as well as the greater or less amount of force with which it has 

 been applied. In order to facilitate the description of treatment, surgi- 

 cal writers have divided wounds into several kinds. Thus they are 

 spoken of generally under the terms incised, punctured, contused, 

 lacerated, poisoned, and gunshot wounds. Wounds of particular parts, 

 requiring peculiar treatment, are also described, as of the head, throat, 

 chest, &c. 



Incised wounds, cutt, or incisions are produced by cutting instru- 

 ments, and are free from contusion and laceration. Punctured wounds, 

 or stubs, are caused by pointed weapons, as bayonets, lances, nails, 

 thorns, &c . penetrating deep into the flesh. Contused and lacerated 

 wounds are produced by the violent application of hard blunt and 

 obtuse bodies to the soft parts ; and under this head might be included 

 ijnnxhot wounds. Poisoned, wounds are those which are complicated 

 with the introduction of a poison into the wounded part. Wounds 

 are more or less dangerous according to the extent of soi't parts they 

 involve, the parts they occur in, and the state of health of the indi- 

 vidual wounded. In small wounds, unless poisoned, the system gene- 

 rally suffers little in consequence ; but when a large amount of soft 



